Cottage and Small Scale Industries Analysis

Cottage and Small Scale Industries Analysis PESTLE ANALYSIS OF COTTAGE AND SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES PREFACE AS MBA Degree requires equal attention practical as well as theoretical aspect of the business, various problems are to be dealt with in these courses, that is why research programs are there to give deep as well as through knowledge of the subjects. I have attempted to live up these requisites while preparing this term paper. It is part of professional courses. With the help of term paper we can able to understand the deep knowledge about the specific topic assign to us. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY * To know what is PESTLE.  · PESTLE analysis of COTTAGE AND SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES.  · To find the problems faced by the Cottage and small scale industries and give suggestion . PESTLE analysis INTRODUCTION PESTLE analysis stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental analysis and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. Some analysts added Legal and rearranged the mnemonic to SLEPT; inserting Environmental factors expanded it to PESTEL or PESTLE, which is popular in the UK. The model has recently been further extended to STEEPLE and STEEPLED, adding education and demographic factors. It is a part of the external analysis when conducting a strategic analysis or doing market research, and gives an overview of the different macroenvironmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. The growing importance of environmental or ecological factors in the first decade of the 21st century have given rise to green business and encouraged widespread use of an updated version of the PEST framework. STEER analysis systematically considers Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory factors. * Political factors, are how and to what degree a government intervenes in the economy. Specifically, political factors include areas such as tax policy, labour law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors may also include goods and services which the government wants to provide or be provided (merit goods) and those that the government does not want to be provided (demerit goods or merit bads). Furthermore, governments have great influence on the health, education, and infrastructure of a nation. * Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation rate. These factors have major impacts on how businesses operate and make decisions. For example, interest rates affect a firms cost of capital and therefore to what extent a business grows and expands. Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of imported goods in an economy * Social factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a companys products and how that company operates. For example, an ageing population may imply a smaller and less-willing workforce (thus increasing the cost of labor). Furthermore, companies may change various management strategies to adapt to these social trends (such as recruiting older workers). * Technological factors include ecological and environmental aspects, such as RD activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. They can determine barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence outsourcing decisions. Furthermore, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation. * Environmental factors include weather, climate, and climate change, which may especially affect industries such as tourism, farming, and insurance.Furthermore, growing awareness to climate change is affecting how companies operate and the products they offerit is both creating new markets and diminishing or destroying existing ones. * Legal factors include discrimination law, consumer law, antitrust law, employment law, and health and safety law. These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its products. COTTAGE AND SMALL INDUSTRIES Introduction Small-scale and cottage industries play a very vital role in the countrys economy despite the phenomenal growth in the large-scale sector. In fact, the small-scale sector is playing a vital role in the growth of national economies the world over and is considered to be the engine of growth in most countries. The small-scale industries are labour intensive and provide employment to nearly 1.86 crores persons in the country. The emphasis on Village and Small-Scale Industries (SSIs) has always been an integral part of the Indian Industrial strategy, more so after the Second Five Year Plan. It was envisaged that Village and Small-Scale Industries would play an important role as producer of consumer goods and absorber of surplus labour thereby addressing to the problems of poverty and unemployment. Other advantages of small industries are that they ensure a more equitable distribution of national income, enhance balanced regional industrial development, act as a nursery for entrepreneurship and facilitate mobilization of local resources and skills which might otherwise remain unutilized. Consequently, the Government of India had been encouraging and supporting the promotion of Small-Scale Industries through deliberate policies such as: 1) Protection from large-scale industries, 2) Capital subsidies, 3) Differential tax treatment, 4) Reservation etc. The Government continues to provide protection to the small scale sector, inter-alia, through the policy of reserving items for exclusive manufacture in the small-scale sector. Industrial undertakings other than the small-scale industrial undertakings engaged in the manufacture of items reserved for exclusive manufacture in the small-scale sector are required to obtain an industrial licence and undertake an export obligation of 50 per cent of the annual production. However, the condition of licensing is not applicable to such industrial undertakings operating under 100 per cent Export Oriented Undertakings Scheme, the Export Processing Zone and the Special Economic Zone Schemes. The reservation policy was introduced in 1967 an attempt to protect SMEs from competition from corporations and 44 goods were specified to be exclusively manufactured by SMEs (Large Corporations were allowed to enter this sector on condition that 50% of their produce would be exported). As a result, SMEs dominated readymade garments, leather goods, autocomponents, electrical appliances and the hand tool industries. Over the years, the number of items reserved for SMEs increased and it stood at over 800 in 1989. However, the Abid Hussain Committee set up by the Government of India which submitted its report in January 1997 observed that the reservation policy was inconsistent with the current trade reforms which allow free import of a large majority of the goods and most of the remaining can be imported under the special Import Licence. The number of reserved items has, therefore, been coming down. Industrial undertakings with investment in plant and machinery up to Re. 1 crore qualify for the status as small-scale or ancillary industrial undertaking with effect from 24 December 1999. The investment limit for tiny units is Rs. 25 lakh. The Small-Scale Industry sector has emerged as a dynamic and vibrant sector of the Indian economy in recent years, displaying phenomenal growth in the field of production, employment and dispersed development in general and exports in particular. There are nearly 34 lakhs Small-Scale Industries in the county accounting for about 40% of the gross value of output in the manufacturing sector and about 34% of the total exports of the country. It provides employment to nearly 186 lakhs persons, which is second only to agriculture. The Small-Scale sector contributes amply to other socio-economic aspects such as reduction in income inequalities, product diversification, dispersed development of small industries and linkage with other sectors of the economy. Position as in 2007-2008 No. of small scale industries units Rs.66.70 lakhs Production at current prices Rs.9,45,496 crores Employment 386 lakh persons Exports Rs.89,978 crores POLITICAL ANALYSIS- Eleventh Plan Programmes During the year 2008-09, a number of new schemes were or are to be taken up for implementation.  · New Anna Marumalarchi Thittam under 15 Points Programme of Chief Minister to promote Agro-Based /Food Processing Industries with investment of one crore and above in each of 385 blocks of the State with special package incentives and Escort Support, to generate employment and to uplift rural economy.  · On-line Registration and issue of Provisional SSI Registration Certificate to new Entrepreneurs through the approved Browsing Centres at District and Taluk Headquarters was inaugurated by the Chief Minister on 12.9.2002. On-line filing for Permanent SSI Registration Certificate is also proposed to be introduced. The furnishing of data by SSI units through online will also be introduced.  · Public Private Partnership Concept for maintenance and infrastructure in the Estate, Business Development/ Documentation / Advisory Services / Consultancy Services/ Marketing Assistance, Common Facility Centres and Product Display Business Development Centres, Human Resource Development for development of SSI sector. Under this scheme, a part of Capital Cost shall be borne by the Association / State and Central Government and the Balance Capital Cost shall be obtained as loan from financial institutions  · Cluster Development Scheme with 75% of the cost of the Project as Grant will be provided by Government of India towards creation of infrastructure facilities/ services for development of Industrial Clusters.  · Formation of Export Guidance Cell under the chairmanship of the District Collector in the District Industries Centres to provide information on export activities, potential and procedural matters for export and to initiate measures for development of export in the State. On Going Schemes Centrally Sponsored Schemes 1)Setting up of Nucleus Cells A new Scheme of Collection of monthly production details from the selected sample Small Scale Industrial Units was introduced for the purpose of computing Index of Industrial production so as to assess the growth of this Sector. This has assumed national importance because of the present economic scenario. The DC (SSI) has provided Computer Hardware and Software to the 11 selected District Industries Centres and to the district offices for transferring the IIP to the Directorate of National Informatics Centre, and DC (SSI), New Delhi. A sum of Rs. 4.25 crores has been proposed for eleventh Plan for this scheme towards staff costs which will be fully met by Government of India. 2. Prime Ministers Rozgar Yojana Scheme (PMRY) PMRY.scheme for providing Self-Employment to Educated Unemployed Youth was announced by the Prime Minister of India on 15th August 1993 to provide Self-employment opportunities to one million educated unemployed youth in the country. This Scheme benefits persons who are educated unemployed youth in the age group of 18 to 35 years and having passed VIII standard with family income not exceeding Rs. 40,000/- (per annum). The age limit has been relaxed upto 45 Years in respect of SC/STs, Ex-Serviceman, physically handicapped and women from 1.4.99 onwards. Preference is being given to those who have received training in any trade in Government approved/ recognised Institutions (I.T.I. etc) for a period of at least 6 months. The Scheme envisages 22.5% reservation for SC/ST candidates and 27% for other backward classes. An outlay of Rs. 8.50 crores is proposed for implementation of the Scheme during Tenth Plan. The entire amount will be borne by Government of India. Centrally Shared Schemes Market Development Assistance States Share for sale of coir by Indl . Co-operative Socities Under this scheme, all the Coir products are eligible for assistance throughout the year. A sum of Rs. 2.25 crores has been provided for eleventh plan period towards the States share for this scheme. Entrepreneur Development Institute (E.D.I.) It is proposed to establish an E.D.I. with model of E.D.I. Ahmedabad. This is meant to meet the entrepreneurial needs of the Southern Region in future. During eleventh Plan a sum of Rs. 4.50 crores has been provided for this scheme towards States share. State Schemes 1.Industrial Estates-Maintenance (Maintenance of Additional sheds in TACEL at Vridhachalam.) TACEL Industrial Estate, Vridhachalam comprises of total area of 42.80 acres and at present there are 64 Units on rental basis. For maintenance of the sheds in the Industrial Estate during the eleventh Plan period a sum of Rs. 50 lakh will be provided. 2. Technical Information Sections in Industrial Estates The Technical Information Sections are functioning at Guindy, Ambattur, Madurai, Pettai, Katpadi, Trichy, Coimbatore and Salem to disseminate information to the industrialists and prospective entrepreneurs. The Sections have libraries containing technical books on Science, Technology, Management, Industrial Information Digests and Journals, Project profiles on SSI and details of ISI specifications for various products. The Technical Information Section, Guindy has a well-furnished auditorium with a video scope system. For the eleventh Plan period Rs. 80 lakhs is provided for maintenance of Technical Information Sections. 3. State Industries Centres EDP Training, Women Entrepreneur Development Programme, Construction of DIC building, maintenance, contribution to specific fund (TTM) etc. It is proposed to train 1,25,000 women entrepreneurs within a period of five years from 2007-08 to 2011-12 at the rate of 25,000 women per year. . An amount of Rs. 9.97 crores is provided. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS In 1947 after gaining independence, India initiated a path of industrialization to achieve economic prosperity. India focused on developing the manufacturing base. Much of the countries development was done through the five year plans. Industries like iron and steel, oil refineries, cement and fertilizer were brought under the gamut of public sector enterprises. The decision makers then encouraged the development of small scale industries. They perceived that Indian small scale industries would play a vital role in the economic progress of the country and had immense potential for employment generation. Developing small scale sector would also result in decentralized industrial expansion, better distribution of wealth and to encourage investment and entrepreunial talent. The government has initiated several policies for the growth and development of small scale industries. They included reservation of certain items to be manufactured only by the small scale sector. Other measures include credit marketing, technology, and entrepreneurship development, fiscal, financial and infrastructural support. In 1999, the government established the Ministry of Small Scale Industries and Agro and Rural industries to make policy decisions for the development and well being. Initially the small scale sector was characterized as traditional labor intensive units with outdated machineries and inefficient production techniques. But in the recent past the condition of the small scale units has improved. Today they have installed modern machines, applied better management techniques and are much more productive. SSI-Location Small Scale Industries are located throughout the country, though predominantly in the rural areas. The small scale industries in the rural areas are skill based, wherein the skill for manufacturing is passed on from one generation to another. Some of the goods manufactured in these units are textile handicrafts, woodcarving, stone carving, metal ware etc. Small scale industrial factories are also present in urban areas and usually they account for the maximum volume of production for that particular good in the country. For e.g. Ludhiana in the state of Punjab is the main center in the country for producing woolen hosiery, sewing machine parts, bicycles and its parts, similarly Tiruppur in Tamil Nadu accounts for small scale firms. Post Liberalization Post liberalization economic conditions has created immense growth prospect for the small scale industries. The government has also supported the small scale industries by the way of implementing policies like investment ceiling for the SSI sector and priority lending. The formation of WTO in 1995 resulted in a major challenge to the well being of the SSI. The protection given to the SSI in the form of reservation and quantitative restrictions has been withdrawn. More than 160 items reserved under the SSI category have been de reserved. It has been found that if the SSI upgrades the technology, adopt better management practices, reengineer the factories to improve productivity and provide qualitative product, they would be competitive in the post WTO scenario. The advancement in computer and telecommunication technology, increase in e commerce, opening up of markets due to WTO, mergers and acquisitions, improved infrastructure and outsourcing noncore area of business have all contrib uted to the growth of SSI. SOCIAL ANALYSIS The small scale sector has played a very important role in the socio-economic development of the country during the past 50years. It has significantly contributed to the overall growth in terms of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment generation and exports. The performance of the small scale sector, therefore, has a direct impact on the growth of the overall economy. The performance of the small scale sector in terms of parameters like number of units (both registered and unregistered), production, employment and exports is given in Table 7.15. According to projections made by the Ministry of Small Scale Industries during 2007-08, the SSI sector recorded growth in production of 8.09 per cent over the previous year. The small scale industries sector has recorded higher growth rate than the industrial sector as a whole (6.9 per cent during 2007-08). It contributed about 40 per cent towards the industrial production as a whole and 35 per cent of direct exports from the country.The Government has been taking various measures from time to time in order to enhance the productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of the SSI sector. In pursuance of the comprehensive policy package announced last year, the major developments that have taken place in the SSI sector during 2007-08. Sickness in the SSI Sector As on March 31, 2008, there were 5,49,630 sick SSI units which had obtained loans from banks. An amount of Rs. 6,506 crore of bank credit was blocked in these units. Of these only 23,076 units were considered potentially viable by the banks with outstanding credit of Rs. 399 crore. Further, banks had identified 4,25,488 units with outstanding bank credit amounting to Rs. 5,943 crore as unviable. Rehabilitation of sick units is a costly proposition as it involves rescheduling of past overdues with concessions on interest amount due, additional credit for modernisation and technology upgradation and provision for fresh working capital. Presently, the State Level Inter- Institutional Committee (SLIIC) of banks and financial institutions is the only forum looking into rehabilitation of potentially viable sick SSI units. However, in the absence of statutory backing, SLIICs has no power to enforce its decisions. To tackle the problem of rehabilitation of potentially viable sick SSI units, the RBI constituted a working group on November 25, 2008 under the chairmanship of Shri S.S. Kohli, the chairman of Indian Banks Association, to look into the issue. The Working Group submitted its report in May, 2008. All the major recommendations of the working group have been accepted by the RBI, including a change in the definition of Sick SSI units, norms for deciding on the viability of sick units, etc. The revised definition would enable banks to take action at an early stage for revival of the units.Based on the accepted recommendations of the Working Group, the RBI has drawn up the revised guidelines for Rehabilitation of Sick SSI units, which have been circulated on January 16, 2008 to all the Banks for implementation. TABLE 7.15 Overall performance of Small Scale Industry Year No. of units Production Employment Exports (in million) (at current (at constant (at current prices) prices) prices) (1993-94) (Rs.crore) (Rs.crore) (in millions) (US $ in Billions) 2001-02 2.94 4,62,641 3,57,749 16.72 11.96 (5.0) (12.3) (8.4) (4.5) (8.1) 2003-04 3.08 5,20,650 3,85,296 17.16 11.64 (4.8) (12.5) (7.7) (2.6) (-2.7) 2005-06 6.21 5,72,887 4,16,736 17.85 17.51 (4.2) (10.0) (8.2) (4.0) (7.5) 2007-08(E ) 9.37 7,45,496 6,50,450 26.56 24.13 (6.0) (17.7) (15.1) (8.0) (9.0) Notes : s in the brackets give percentage growth over previous year. E :Estimates BOX 7.6 Developments that have taken place during the year 2007-08 for the SSI Sector 1.The investment limit for units in hosiery and hand tool sub sectors was enhanced from Rs. 5 crore to Rs.10 crore 2. The corpus fund set up under the Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme has been raised to Rs. 200 crore from Rs. 525 crore. 3. Credit Guarantee cover against an aggregate credit of Rs. 52.88 crore was provided. 4. 14 items were dereserved on June 29, 2008 related to leather goods, shoes and toys. 5. A new scheme named Market Development Assistance Scheme was launched exclusively for the SSI sector. 6. Under the Cluster Development Programme, 4 UNIDO assisted projects have been commissioned during the year. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS With a view to meeting the infrastructure needs of the micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the state, the government plans to set up exclusive industrial parks for these units in different states. The proposed industrial parks will come up in major industrial hubs in the state and will have all basic infrastructure facilities like water supply, power, waste management, testing laboratories and other civic amenities. The locations identified for establishment of these industrial parks include NOIDA in U.P,MOHALI in Punjab,SIDCUL in Uttarakhand, Kalinga Nagar, Barbil, Jharsuguda, Sambalpur, Dhenkanal, Angul, Paradeep, Rourkela, Bragarh, Balasore, Dhamra, Gopalpur, Chhatrapur, Raygada, Kalahandi and Choudwar etc. The government also intends to set up industrial parks closer to the special economic zones (SEZs). The state-owned Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation (Idco) has been entrusted with the promotion of the industrial parks, sources said. It will put in place the required infrastructure for the MSMEs and will also upgrade and maintain the infrastructure facilities in the existing industrial estates and growth centres in association with the user industries. It may be noted that the new MSME Development Policy adopted by the state government emphasizes infrastructure development to meet the needs of the MSMEs. Besides, it says that 20 per cent of the area in the industrial parks, industrial estates, industrial corridors and land banks will be reserved for MSME units. The services of the large units are mostly outsourced, which provides ample scope for the growth of the micro and small units. With the mother industry around, the external infrastructure will be automatically developed, and the proposed industrial parks being equipped with all the basic infrastructure facilities, the MSMEs can readily move in and set up their units. To facilitate the setting up of downstream and ancillary industries in the state, 10 per cent of the total land requirement of the large and mega units, subject to a ceiling of 200 acres, is proposed to be earmarked for such industries. Besides, sector-specific ancillary and downstream industrial parks are proposed to be set up by Idco, preferably in association with the mother plants. CONCLUSION: The Cottage and small scale industries constitute a timeless part of the rich cultural Heritage of India. The element of art and craft present in these industries makes it a potential sector for the upper segments of market domestic as well as global. However, the sector is beset with manifold problems such as obsolete technologies, unorganized production system, low productivity, inadequate working capital, conventional product range, weak marketing link, overall stagnation of production and sales and, above all, competition from power loom and mill sector. As a result of effective Government intervention through financial assistance and implementation of various developmental and welfare schemes, the cottage and small scale sector, to some extent, has been able to tide over these disadvantages. Thus, cottage sector forms a precious part of the generational legacy and exemplifies the richness and diversity of our country and the artistry of the weavers. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. texmin.nic.in/annualrep/ar02_c05. 2. apparel.indiamart.com/industry/handlooms/ 3. www.hepcindia.com 4. texmin.nic.in/tex_07.htm 5. www.ieport.com/epc.htm 6. www.indiatogether.org/2006/feb/eco-handloom.htm

The Neuropsychology Korsakoff Syndrome Psychology Essay

The Neuropsychology Korsakoff Syndrome Psychology Essay This study is investigating on a specific patient (Mr C) whos suffering from Korsakoff syndrome. In this report, the case study indicates mainly to memory deficiency. The sequence of events in this case study is used to show the possibilities of side effects of chronic alcohol abuse which is also known as Korsakoff syndrome. The literature review introduces the medical model of Korsakoff syndrome that is presented with particular attention that has a link to anterograde and retrograde amnesia. A variety of memory tests were set for the patient in order to provide more reliable diagnosis. The results from different studies were compared to the normative brain and Korsakoff patients to see the similarity. Furthermore, after the results were undertaken the results shown a variety of scores which indicated that the patient needed further treatments. Lastly, suggestions for prevention and treatments damages that the patient may have will be presented. Introduction Indicating to Mr Cs case study, the patient may have developed Korsakoff syndrome. Korsakoff syndrome is associated with Diencephalic Amnesia which is seen as neurological disease. Patients that are experiencing this condition are highly related to heavy alcohol consumptions over a very long period (Butterworth, 1989). Heavy alcohol is a public health problem with almost one in four people in the UK reporting having had this problem at some point in their lives (Kessler, 1994). This study is based on Korsakoff syndrome thats caused by alcohol related issue which Mr C has clearly been taking nearly half of his life due to going downhill during some time (Appendix 1). This is the reason patients may lead to obtaining the syndrome. This is based on biological evidence that heavy alcohol consumption may lead to thiamine deficiency which affects the brain and the nervous systems. People who drink excessive amount of alcohol may damage important area part within the brain, resulting serve short term memory loss where the patient constantly asks the same questions and repeats the same stories (Sergei Korsakoff, 1879). Many heavy drinkers have poor dieting problems which their body doesnt contain much vitamins, due to the fact that alcoholics spend time trying to replace high calories food with alcohol. This can cause a lot of complications in the patients body as the intestinal mucosa could be damaged by the alcohol which can lead to make it difficult for the liver to store vitamins. Alcohol plays a role that interferes with the change of thiamine into the active form of vitamin which is known as thiamine pyrophosphate. Korsakoff syndrome inflames the stomach lining in your body that causes frequent vomiting, and m ake it harder for the body to absorb the main vitamins. Thiamine deficiency is a clear sign of the development of Korsakoff syndrome. (Moselhy, Georgiou, Kahn, 2001). However, due to the biological evidence there are many symptoms that may appear suddenly within few days. The patients that have normal IQs are alert and attentive, appear motivated, and generally lack other neurological signs of cerebral deficits such as abnormal EEGs. Most patients with Korsakoff syndrome have a deficit in visual-perception. Mr C has the same symptoms that occur in Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (1881). Although Sergei Korsakoff (1879) didnt take any notice to Wernickes work, he mentioned the existence of several of the same type of symptoms in his patients (Gudden, 1896). Wernicke suggested that mental confusion and eye movement disturbances were the primary symptoms and the first stage of Korsakoff Syndrome. As there is a strong indication of Korsakoff syndrome, the patients behaviour and symptoms has a big impact in the patients lifestyle. Change in personality (become unconcerned, lacking of emotional reactions, talkative etc), confabulation (makeup information they cant remember), loss of muscle co-ordination when the patients balance is weak, memory loss (unable to recall information), and difficulty in obtaining new information or learning new skills (amnesia). (Spear, 2002). In addition, there are two types of well known form of amnesia (anterograde and retrograde) that play a role in Korsakoff syndrome which encounter chronic alcohol. Alcohol has shown various affective memory levels including semantic, prospective, explicit, episodic and implicit (Fama, 2006, dYdewalle Van Damme, 2007). Problems with the patients short term memory are a strong sign of support to the patients having Korsakoff syndrome due to the characteristic of the syndrome being severe and having memory loss which is a type of amnesia. The episodic and semantic memory of a patient with Korsakoff syndrome is the most affected characteristic, episodic refers to events from the persons past (going back in time) and semantic memories deal with knowledge of facts, language and concepts. In the terms of the retrograde memory, there are many tests that can measure the aspects of memory used by significant events which had happened during the past year of the patients life. Remote Memory Impairment calculates the patients past history; its a multiple choice questions test thats applied. This test measures if the patient can remember the past events that have occurred in their life. The questions are given to recall there memory and testing there memory stage of their life for example about time and place of their birth, age, names of schools they attended, etc. (Cohen Sqauire, 1981). As for anterograde memory, is a different memory aspect to the retrograde test. There is a different Remote Memory Impairment test that would be given to patients which measures there memory on recalling famous faces and words. Patients will be assessed on; famous face recognition, identification and naming, and famous name recognition and identification. Overall the results will show an indication to a minimal outline of preserved remote memory with evidence of an association between remote memory performance and decision making functioning in the patients brain. (Albert, 1981). Furthermore assessments can be also applied for the patients who are suffering from Korsakoff syndrome. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) can be applied which is quiet common, to assess the patients intelligence; it measures the verbal and nonverbal abilities of adults. The assessment has been revised over the recent years the person scoring it would look to see if there are any differences between the verbal and non verbal sections. If there is any big difference between the two sections will indicate to learning problem. (David Wechsler, 1955). The aim of this study that is going to be carried out by several tests, the patient is experiencing through mental deficits from Korsakoff syndrome. A small amount of tests will be given to the patient to see if the symptoms displayed by the patient are the same as the symptoms of someone who is suffering from Korsakoff syndrome. Overall, if the patient is found with any complications regarding any condition, further action and preventions measures will be recommended to improve the patients lifestyle. Method Design- This experiment is a case study base (Appendix 1). Participants-Mr C, as an only one patient that is being assessed in this study, the participant is one perceived to be suffering from Korsakoff syndrome, which displays many symptoms related to his case study (Appendix 1). Materials- the tests that are going to be taking place are; Remote memory assessments- Famous faces test- have to indentify 150 photographs of famous people (anterograde amnesia) Past event test- multiple choice test, 88 events questions (retrograde amnesia). Weschler Adult intelligence scale (WAIS) Working memory index; Arithmetic, Digit span and Letter-Number Sequencing. California Verbal Learning (CVLT) Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)- assessment of memory function, supplementary memory questions should be asked, e.g. about recent news, family or personal events. Implementation- These tests are being used on the patient due to find out if the patient has any mental deficits issues and any complications he might have in his everyday life. Before taking the tests, the patient will be required to be sober from alcohol for a period of time, to ensure that there were no effects which might cause cognitive issues on the results. Results from all the tests as described in the material section are compared to similar case studies that have been diagnosed with Korsakoff syndrome as well as a healthy normative control group. It will be compared between both group controls to provide rationale of the patients conditions. Results Source (tests) Normative Korsakoff patient Control Indentify famous faces (anterograde amnesia) 41 15 38.1 88 multiple choice questions on past events (retrograde amnesia) 70 46 41.1 Working memory index (WAIS) 108 56.7 55 California Verbal Learning (CVLT) 13 2 12 Memory Scale (WMS) 32 12 26 The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) 24 2.6 3.1 Findings; the patients with Korsakoff syndrome have diencephalic lesions indentified. Remote memory assessment Indentify famous faces (anterograde amnesia)- The famous faces identification assessment clearly shows the patients performance appeared to be weak which the patient scored 15, compared to the normative scoring 41. This may be due to primarily to loss of semantic knowledge regarding famous persons. Multiple choice questions on past events (retrograde amnesia)- patient has shown similar remote memory impairment in Korsakoff syndrome might reflect to anterograde amnesia. Mr C may be going through nerve breakdown. Working memory index (WAIS) the results show the Korsakoff patient impairment within the episodic and working memory. the control and Korsakoff scoring has displayed similar scorings of episodic and working memory deficits. this shows similar patterns of brain damage compared to the normative score. the technique was overall was found not to be significant. California Verbal Learning (CVLT) the recalling tests showed the patients Memory Scale (WMS) the patient scoring was not significant which shows in the results of 12, the results shows the control scoring were higher than the patients score. Mini mental state examination The test that was undertaken by the patients was used to screen for cognitive impairment to help to screen for global confusion which Mr C has. the scores show he defiantly has memory disorder if you see the comparison to the normative scoring of 24 and the patients scoring shows 2.6 which is really low. it has shows that he failed the MMSE recall item. the results has clearly displayed impairments of episodic memory, recollection, contextual memory and retrieval. Discussion Based on the overall results, there is a strong indication that Mr C has Korsakoff syndrome. The patients test performances show that there are impairments in memory in Mr C compared to the normative results. The results showed a clear evidence for the typical mental deficits associated with Korsakoff syndrome. Furthermore, to help the patient to overcome the symptoms there should be a variety of techniques which could be used to try to reduce the symptoms that the patient is experiencing, which may be based on therapies which have shown positive beneficial to the condition. To minimise the symptoms there are types of medical drugs that could be given to the patient in order to help them reduce the side effects of mental deficits that the patient may be going through due to Korsakoff syndrome. Due to Mr C vomiting he will need to take IV Thiamine drinking plenty water right away, even though the improvement is a slow process he will need to change his diet along with it. This is found to give improvements in the memory deficits that may have caused by the condition particularly if the patient who have memory deficits due to alcohol. Likewise, if the patient wouldnt like to take any medication they will have to change their diet. This might be the prevention that caused nerve damage to the patient which has stated above its due to thiamine deficiency. Healthy lifestyle includes drinking alcohol only within a safe recommendation amount (up to 3-4 units a day for men, and 2-3 units a day for women). Eating a balance will help the patient by eating, whole grain, vegetables and wheat which may lead to preventing further memory loss (Hillbom, 2006); it could improve memory, cognitive impairment and confusion in Korsakoff patients. In addition, the most effective method of preventing Korsakoff syndrome is to avoid vitamin/thiamine B deficiency. In the western countries, the most common causes of mental deficits are due to extreme alcohol and weight disorders. Thus, requiring preventing this companies that sell alcoholic beverages to supplement them with B vitamin/thiamine would avoid many cases of Korsakoff. In conclusion, the patient has shown to have Korsakoff syndrome which he had a sufficient amount of memory deficits within himself that show adequate evidence of Korsakoff syndrome. This report shows describes the most effective and practical way of controlling the condition at the present time and providing improvements to the patients lifestyle, it leads to variety of assessments. Further Still, there are several criticism associated with memory assessments which have been used in this study, it may not be utterly reliable to diagnose the patient, therefore it may be wise to administer further testing on the patient throughout their life to make sure the he is accurately diagnosed of the conditions. It is very often falls to the psychiatrist to coordinate care for the patients, a psychiatrist is highly recommended for Mr C to follow-up, arrange placement, and assess further tests when necessary. GP will be there supporting the patients and families. Long-term outcomes have been studied previous patients are reported to have a normal life expectancy if they remain sober from alcohol (Leenane, 1986).

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Essays Papers

SIR GAWAIN and the GREEN KNIGHT In the Middle Ages, a time of brave knights and fair maidens, chivalry was alive and well, and honor meant much more than just pride. A man could be expected to be as good as his word, and God was an integral part of his life. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the title character sets off on a month-long quest for the Green Chapel in fulfillment of a promise made a year earlier, knowing full well that it could mean certain death. After the knight's final days at the court of King Arthur are recounted, he sets off in "country wild" where he is "far off from all his friends" (lines 713-14). This lonely road on which he rides reflects the nature of his quest--Gawain's conflict is within himself, and is something which he must deal with on his own. On the long, arduous journey, the brave knight battles countless foes to the point where "to tell but the tenth part would tax [the author's] wits" (719). All manner of fearsome foes are described, from serpents and wolves to wild men and giants. However, he has "borne himself bravely, and been on God's side" (724), and therefore makes it through all these trials intact. The description of the locations where Sir Gawain is forced to sleep on some nights calls to mind the dwelling of Grendel's mother from Beowulf--cold, gloomy, rocky, and generally unpleasant. Gawain bears it all with stoic patience and fortitude, though he is "near slain" by the inclement weather. Finally, on Christmas Eve, Gawain "prays with all his might/That Mary may be his guide/Till a dwelling comes in sight" (737-39). This prayer underlines the parallel between Gawain's plight on this Christmas Eve and Mary's own search for lodging on the night of the first Christmas. On Christmas morning, he arrives in a foreboding forested area, "a man all alone" in a "marsh and mire" where "birds unblithe upon bare twigs/Peeped most piteously for pain of the cold." (The cold loneliness stands in contrast to the warmth and companionship he is to find in Bercilak's castle later on in the story.) Here he again prays mournfully--this time that he may be able to attend the Christmas mass. His first thoughts are not for his own safety, nor for his reputation should he not find the Green Chapel in time.

Radar in the Modern World :: essays research papers fc

Research Paper  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Radar in the Modern World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Radar is usually taken for granted in these days of modern technology. Many people do not know how radar is really used, how it works, or why we need it. People are familiar with several uses of radar like police enforcement radar guns and radar that measures how fast a baseball is pitched in a major league game. These are only a few of the many uses radar has to offer. Radar can determine several properties of an object from a distance, such as its position, speed, direction of travel, and shape; it can also detect objects out of the range of sight in all weather conditions, making it a fundamental utility for many industries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term radar actually came from the acronym representing RAdio Detection And Ranging. Radar is a detection system used to locate and identify objects. Simply put, radar is the process in which radio waves are emitted from the source of the system; those waves ricochet off objects in their path, and the radar system detects the echoes of signals that return.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"One would think that so important a contribution to the world’s technology would be chronicled with great care at every step†¦This, unfortunately, is not the case, and for reasons quite understandable† (Page 14). Sometimes history can be hard to distinguish from truth and legend, the history of radar is no exception. Many contributions have been made to the development of radar over the years. For many years prior and during the Second World War, radar was considered a top-secret military tool. Once it was made public, people used the existing information about radar to come up with their own variations for different applications. As a result, the true origin of radar has become blurred within conflicting claims.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Radar can be traced back as far as 1832 when British physicist Michael Faraday suggested the existence of an electromagnetic field between certain objects from his scientific observations. Working from these ideas, British physicist James Clerk Maxwell predicted mathematically the existence and behavior of radio waves in 1873. In 1886, physicist Heinrich Hertz from Germany and Elihu Thomson from America confirmed the existence of radio waves with demonstrations showing examples of reflection, refraction, and direction finding of radio waves. By 1904, Christian Hulsmeyer, a German inventor, applied for a patent for a device that used radio waves in a collision-avoidance device for ships.

My Bondage and my Freedom Essay -- Literary Analysis, Frederick Dougla

At first glance, the book â€Å"my bondage and my freedom by Frederick Douglass appeared to be extremely dull and frustrating to read. After rereading the book for a second time and paying closer attention to the little details I have realized this is one of the most impressive autobiographies I have read recently. This book possesses one of the most touching stories that I have ever read, and what astonishes me the most about the whole subject is that it's a true story of Douglass' life. â€Å" Douglass does a masterful job of using his own experience to expose the injustice of slavery to the world. As the protagonist he is able to keep the reader interested in himself, and tell the true story of his life. As a narrator he is able to link those experiences to the wider experiences of the nation and all society, exposing the corrupting nature of slavery to the entire nation.†[1] Although this book contributes a great amount of information on the subject of slavery and it i s an extremely valuable book, its strengths are overpowered by its flaws. The book is loaded with unnecessary details, flowery metaphors and intense introductory information but this is what makes â€Å"My Bondage and My Freedom† unique. Throughout the entirety of the book, Douglass presents himself as a neutral figure who can see both the negative and positive side of any issue, even slavery. He presents a rational account of why slavery exists and does so without attempting to discuss the morality of the topic at hand. Despite spending a lot of time discussing the cruel masters and supervisors he encountered in life , his anger is not towards those who support slavery, but the institution of slavery as a whole.â€Å"Nature has done almost nothing to prepare me... ...glass' tumultuous Atlantic crossing on a ship full of slave-owners, his exploits as a traveling lecturer in England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, and the "many dear friends" abroad who collaborate to purchase Douglass's freedom from Thomas Auld in 1846 [21]. I understand he does not want to publish his escape for fear others will get caught but it was still very disappointing and ended the book blandly. With all of this said, would I suggest this book to a friend? The answer is both yes and no. Although this is a remarkable piece of literature, it is not easily understood by everyone. If I knew someone who enjoyed reading extremely long and detailed auto biographies I would suggest this book to them without hesitation. This book is not for everyone, but if it is in the hands of the right person this could be a life altering and enlightening book.

External or Internal Disaster in Organization

Different Business is affected by internal and external factors. These aspects have significant influences on the way business organisations are operating. One of these is the so-called disasters in an organization.Disasters may be considered as external if the forces happens from the external environment of the organization, like globalization, global financial crisis, technological changes and others while internet disasters are those that happens inside the organization like failure to provide quality service, inability to market the products and service well, inability to handle risks which affects the overall performance of the organization.Primarily, the goal of this paper is to consider an internal disaster from one of the most controversial organizations in the market, i. . the case of Enron. Internal Disaster Aforementioned, one of the most talked-about issues and disasters in the industry is the auditing as well as accounting failure of Enron. It is considered as the larges t bankruptcy and stock collapse (Fox 2003). Before the company faced this issue, Enron has been considered as a major American energy industry. The events or disasters that resulted to the bankruptcy and collapse started long before anyone had suspected fraud and anomalies at the industry.In this disaster, two names have been noted: Arthur Andersen and Enron. One of the disasters that challenged the company is the inability of the management to anticipate the wrongdoings of Arthur Andersen. The disasters are centered in auditing aspects just before Enron filed bankruptcy. For example in 1996, Andersen’s audit report regarding Waste Management finances were discovered to be irrelevant and materially false that results in inflation of Income of the company by over $1 billion in the middle period of the 1990s.On the other hand, in 1997, it has been found out by the SEC that Sunbean has used accounting tricks to create false profits and sales and Andersen’s role in this di saster is that he signed-off these financial reports event after an industry partner flagged them. Herein, the company faced major disaster of partnering or hiring an auditing and consulting industries which is distrustful and irresponsible. Although the company has not been aware, Enron still has some plans to prevent such issue.However, the initiative of the company when it comes to their financial audit has been very weak that it leads to their major bankruptcy. To be able to solve this kind of disaster, Enron management has provided disaster plans by identifying the root f the issue. After knowing the problem about Arthur Andersen, the management immediately seeks third party assistance to clear the issue by making Andersen pay for the scandals and anomalies he has done.On one hand, another disaster faced by the company is in line with the inefficient and strategic decision making approach and also having ambiguous and vague firm economic and practice aims. Although Enron has so me management plan, the company has not been able to execute this plan well. For instance, The CEO of Enron had various product plans which needed major financial support; the organization during that period was also going through major disasters in their international businesses.In addition, it was not until Enron was financially unstable did the company starts to do something. So as to resolve this kind of disaster, the organization implemented different approaches. However, the strategy of the company only went from one major disaster of loss to the other. Because of the failure of the management of the organization to have strategic decision making, this lead to major disaster of investments and partnerships, the organization’s growth slowed down . As a result more of its inabilities and failures had grown more apparent (Zellner et al. 2001).Bankruptcy and various cases against the company had resulted to their bankruptcy. In addition, various employees of the organizatio n had lost their college funds, life savings, and pensions along with the collapse of the company. Herein, it can be said that the management of Enron must be able to have strategic decision making for the future to continuously sustain the strength of the company. In order to solve this disaster, the organization has been able to initiate a proper and strategic decision-making of the company.Herein, the company’s decision should be made made strategically by identifying first the pros and cons of the decision that they made. The management sees to it that everybody should agree to the decision so that further conflict or risks within the company would not arise. Good decision making can be attributed as one of the vital factors that will help the business to achieve its core mission and objective. This alternative is helpful in a way that it can make the company more competitive and survive in the marketing environment. ConclusionThere are many lessons that can be learned fr om the case of Enron and Arthur Andersen. It can be concluded that, based on the case of Enron, it is important that every individual in the business field should know how to manage or to handle disasters, specifically internal disasters in order for the business to achieve success and to be able to managed it effectively. In our case, it is important that the lessons learned from Enron and Arthur Andersen scandal should serve as enlightenment in making an efficient risk management manual

Descartes Notion of the Mind/Body Problem in Relation to Free Will

Descartes notion of the mind/body problem in relation to Free Will Descartes took an extreme skeptical position by asking, â€Å"What is impossible to doubt, even when trying to believe that everything is false? † His answer was: â€Å"I think, therefore I am†; which is Descartes' most famous one-liner and is the one that explains his understanding of the dualism argument. The term ‘dualism’ has a variety of uses in the history of thought. In general, the idea is that, for some particular domain, there are two fundamental kinds or categories of things or principles.In the philosophy of mind, dualism is the theory that the mental and the physical or mind and body are, in some sense, radically different kinds of thing. The main discussion about dualism tends to start from the assumption of the reality of a physical world, and then ways of considering arguments for why the mind cannot be treated as simply part of that physical world. According to substance dua lism, our minds and our bodies are two distinct substances capable of existing apart.Descartes substance dualism was based in the belief that the universe consisted of two different kinds of substances that he called res extensa (physical things) and res cogitans (thinking things). In other words, the essence of mind is thought while the essence of body is extension. This belief also leads to his assumption that Free Will is self-evident. In other words, if one is capable of doubting the existence of things learned through experience even when some of these may be true, then it is obvious that we have the freedom to disbelieve, thus free will.The full argument can be broken down into seven steps: (1) if I can clearly and distinctly perceive something, then God makes something that exists that corresponding to my clear and distinct perception, otherwise God would be a deceiver. (2) If I can clearly and distinctly perceive X and Y as complete things whose principal attributes exclude each other, then God can make X and Y exist apart from each other. (3) If X and Y can exist apart from each other (whether or not they really do) then they are really distinct. 4) I can clearly and distinctly perceive mind as a complete thing to which extension does not pertain. (5) I can clearly and distinctly perceive body as a complete thing to which thought does not pertain. (6) Therefore, God could bring it about that mind and body exist apart from each other. (7) Therefore, mind and body are really distinct (SparkNotes Editors). This argument is clearly understandable when we separate it as is shown at the previous line.In overall, what is most important to remember about the argument is if I am able to perceive is because I exist, if I exist a divine being must had created this thought on my mind, which would imply, that God make me able of perceiving mind and body as two completely separate substances; If God allows me to perceive this two things separate, then it must be tr uth that mind and body exist apart from each other. The problem for Descartes is two-fold. First, if humans are free, then that which is free is not subject to the laws of physics or res-extensa like Descartes called the term.By definition all physical things are subject to the laws of physics. When we contrast these conditions of physical laws, and we are talking about the mind, it fails. The mind which is described as the source of will, must be distinct from the body and must not be physical in the natural world. In other words, the presence of a mind allows human beings to transcend their physical bodies and be free. However, we need to be aware that even is Descartes is claimed this separation of substances, he recognizes that the mind is affected by the body in certain special way.He would argue this by explaining the religious concept of the soul. Descartes complicates the simplistic notion of â€Å"mind-body† by introducing â€Å"soul† as part of mindful awaren ess. This whole argument would turn from mind-body problem to Mind, Body and Soul. The problem is that the strong attributes of the mind/body combine tend to determine the attributes of the soul. † The soul moves and feels in the body directly. The pineal gland allows the mind and body to interact said Descartes, which was proven wrong lately. Descartes such as many other philosophers was a believer of the soul.Plato for example, argued that, as the body is from the material world, the soul is from the world of ideas and is thus immortal. He believed the soul was temporarily united with the body and would only be separated at death, when it would return to the world of Forms. Since the soul does not exist in time and space, as the body does, it can access universal truths. For Plato, ideas are the true reality, and are experienced by the soul. The body is for Plato empty in that it cannot access the abstract reality of the world; it can only experience shadows.Aristotle, said, â€Å"It is not necessary to ask whether soul and body are one, just as it is not necessary to ask whether the wax and its shape are one, nor generally whether the matter of each thing and that of which it is the matter are one. For even if one and being are spoken of in several ways, what is properly so spoken of is the actuality†; in overall, the soul is a property exhibited by the body, one among many. Moreover, Aristotle proposed that when the body perishes, so does the soul, just as the shape of a building block disappears with destruction of the block.On the other hand, Descartes said, â€Å"My view is that this gland is the principal seat of the soul, and the place in which all our thoughts are formed†. This previous sentence definitely proves Descartes belief in the human soul and his concern of understanding it and explains it thru his works at the same time. Descartes conclude his argument saying that Since we can clearly and distinctly perceive of mind with out body and of body without mind, God can bring it about that mind can exist without body and body without mind. In other words, they are really distinct- Rene Descartes.Now, that we understand the mind-body argument from Descartes perspective, we can explain how he relates these two substances with the ability every human being free will. After the Scholastics, Descartes takes the conception of will and affirmed that the main ability of the mind is the ability of free will. In other words, for Descartes the essence of the mind consists of thought. Now, we found that the main focus of the argument is not the mind body argument, but the significance that Descartes gives to free will in his work. First thing, is to understand the significance and real purpose of the will.The will's practical function consist in fighting the passions; which means that we are literally able to control any action that we do, because we have freedom of choice. The argument here would be that the will is just the mind in its active capacity so the functioning of all mental faculties (intellect, imagination, memory, and sense perception) are dependent on the will (Ferguson). I truly believe that studying and understanding Descartes study of the will would resolve many of the gaps that philosopher had left on the way.Finally, we have got to the major argument of the paper that is explained how Descartes argument of mind-body is strictly relate with humans free will. Everything begins with the claim made by Descartes in his Meditation II, in which he affirms that willing, affirming, and denying is what gave us absolute freedom. Whenever we are aware of something, we are willing something, simple as that. Descartes concept of will is very cautious and quite interesting if one put himself of herself to understanding it.To explain this, Descartes begin by explain what is the intellect and how it relate and differ from the concept of will. Descartes complex treatment of freedom is due to t he complexity of the subject matter, which even with it difficulties it is pretty cogent and interesting. For Descartes, the will (which implies freedom) is dependent on the intellect for its functioning. In other words, without an idea there is nothing in which we can take a stand. Willing is just nothing but a way of thinking; will is infinite, while intellect is finite.The intellect is finite and limited because there are varying degrees at which perceptions and understanding can function. For example, some of us have extremely analysis ability while other can just do simple understanding. The will, on the other hand, is infinite because its efficacy is not a matter of degree. My ability of having free will, make me able to affirm or deny any proposition put to me by my intellect alone. From Descartes perspective, God has given us a will which has no limits and that can be dependent. Believe or not the will and the intellect are interacting most of the time.This is why; Descartes emphasizes the unity of the mind as the faculty of knowledge which he called pure â€Å"intellect†. However, the main focus is the interaction of the will with the soul on the one hand, and with the body, on the other. In conclusion, Descartes presented us a mind body problem from a Christian perspective, which had a purpose of affirmed the existence of the two substances, res-extensa and res cogitans completely separate from each other. To explain this, He described the mind as the source of will that must be distinct from the body and the physical world.We cannot will anything without understanding what are we willing and if we get a little deep into this thought is quite easy to make sense to it. We cannot leave behind either that Descartes, showed a strong concern to show his belief in the human soul while he would try to prove the existence of God, and even of himself. This would turn the whole argument to Mind, Body and soul, which is the real Christian perspective. In overall, he claimed that soul cannot exist in time and space; and that the attributes of the mind-body combine are the one that truly determine the attributes of the soul.Descartes began his explanation of the concept of will by affirming that the main ability of the mind is the ability of free will. Will, in other words, is the whole mind in its active capacity. To support this statement Descartes used many concepts in relation that in his theory, they all work together to make free will happen. By having theorical functions, practical functions, actions caused by the soul, and a strong direct relation with the mind-body problem, I truly believe that Descartes purpose of explaining his concern of the concept of will was well clearly done. Work CitedMihali, Andreea. â€Å"Descartes' Concept of Will. † Wilfrid Laurier University (Canada), 2007. Canada: ProQuest. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. Ferguson, Christopher J. â€Å"Free Will: An Automatic Response. † American Psychologist 55. 7 (2000): 762-763. PsycARTICLES. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Principles of Philosophy. † SparkNotes. com. SparkNotes LLC. n. d.. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. Marias, Julian. History of Philosophy. New York: Dover Publications Inc. , 196721. 210-222. Print. Angeles, Peter. The Harper Collins Dictionary Philosphy. 2nd. United States: Harper Collins Publishers, Print.