Possible Uses of a Hammer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 209

Possible Uses of a Hammer - Assignment ExampleIn addition, a hammer abide also be employ as a tool for drilling holes into surfaces and shaping objects by hitting a chisel with it. The pastime experience makes it easier to identify the polar options that are available for a particular scenario. The information is bountyed in a simplified form that is effortless to understand without spending a lot of time on it. This helps an psyche to make a quick decision-saving time since the desired information is easily spotted. This technique of listing the different possibilities can be used in a variety of other situations to help simplify data for the user. For example, in the banks, an individual can conduct various transactions. Each transaction has a different chargee. g when displace money to another country, the amount charged is different depending on the amount one is sending and the country of the intended transfer. To simplify this charges for customers, banks can prepare a matrix indicating the range of money that is to be sent in a specific country on the vertically and the amount charged alongside it on the horizontally. Another example is that can use a matrix to simplify information is the discernment of employees against certain set criteria for performance appraisal. The desired employee traits and achievements in the various fields such as punctuality, present ability, and achievement of organizational objectives can be written on vertically. The score of the employee can be indicated horizontally for example under the heading very good, good, average, poor or very poor. This would make the evaluation of the employees easy on the various fields with the score being easily picked at each field. The use of a matrix can help individuals summarize a lot of information into a simple table. This can help in understanding various uses of different objects that are not known.

Chapters 1-6 Summary of Forensic Science from the Crime Scene to the Essay

Chapters 1-6 Summary of rhetorical Science from the Crime Scene to the Crime Lab - Essay ExampleThese laws are applied so as to control the accomplishments of the forensic community. rhetorical science is an enormous field that has a wide invoice of its appliance. The first documented autopsy belonged to Julius Caesar. This was during the 15th century that he produced his first textbook on forensics. In the book a murder occurred, and the murder weapon was identified by science.Times have developed, and forensic science is utilize in investigations to convey out the causes of crimes. In the United States, a department of federal official Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was developed in the 1930s by J. Edgar Hoover, who is considered as the father of FBI. This department is used for investigating crime scenes and until today it mainly uses forensics science to come up with evidences. Edgar founded nation-wide laboratories to offer services in forensics. These crime laboratories del ivered quality forensic services to all law implementation organisations in the United States. Thus, they count a significant role in providing proof of crimes by using fingerprints, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and may more. Forensic scientists visit crime scenes to gather and analyse evidence by collaborating with the investigators and define their findings through comprehensive written reports.When investigating a crime scene, one has to know ways on how to secure the scene, take a survey and how to search it in order to find evidence. Therefore, first one should establish the dimensions of the scene and find the potential health and safety risks. This can be done by locating the focal point. At the scene, safety is very vital all through the primary approach to the crime scene. Individuals should be astute on biohazards, weapons, chemical hazards and deliberate traps might be waiting for the responders.Hence, people on the scene including medics, coroners and harry fighters s hould be given advice on evidentiary

MGM624-0901A-01 Applied Accounting for Decision-Making - Phase 1 Essay - 1

MGM624-0901A-01 Applied Accounting for Decision-Making - Phase 1 Discussion Board 2 - Essay typesetters caseHowever, a steep step-up in the prices will brace an adverse effect on the sales volume. Hence an growth of 5% in the sales price will bring the break eventide volume back to 500,000 / (315 115) 2,500 units.It is evident that JTI has invested heavily in the initial manufacturing of the new luggage line. Steps have to be taken to increase productivity of the entire manufacturing process, by reducing wastage and increasing the military capability of the labour. The effectiveness of the resources can be attained by introducing incentives based on mathematical process. Awards can also be presented to the around effective employees ein truth month and this will act as a motivating factor for the employees to increase the productivity (Samuels et al, 2000). Assuming that theses schemes reduce the variable costs to $110, then the break even volume becomes 500,000 (315 110) 2,440 units. at that place is a risk of losing sales volume, when the price is increased. The increase in price is profitable as bulky as the sales volume remains at 3,600 units. It is essential to consider the number of customers JTI stands to lose by increasing the prices (Baker et al, 2008).There are a number of risks involved in introducing incentives based on performance to increase the performance. The management has to set up benchmarks to quantify performance. In case the goals set are insurmountable to attain, the scheme will de-motivate the employees and can have a negative impact on productivity. Also, if the goals are very simple to attain, then the company stands to lose more in terms of incentive payouts to the employees (Latham, 2004). Hence spendthrift care has to be taken to set the benchmarks against which the performance of the employees will be measured.From the above arguments, it is clear that JTI has to increase prices and also increase the productivity in order to maintain

Consumer behaviour analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Consumer behaviour analysis - Assignment ExampleOne of the advantages of working class an analysis of consumer style is that it enables the business to produce goods and services that meet the specific needs of consumers. Businesses have to progress to a consideration of the buyers heathenish determinants of their purchase patterns and other factors so that they address them in the product end and development (Kumra 32).In assessing the culture of the target market, consumes have to under plump for that some products can do hygienic in certain places and not others. In this case, they have to ensure that they avoid those places that they do not stand to sell their products for various reasons. Alternatively, they can form products that fulfill the needs of those populations effectively.A marketing strategy refers to advance designed by a business to increase its sales and achieve a sustainable and legitimate competitive advantage in the market place. The strategy comprises o f all the fundamental short and long-term activities in the marketing field. A reliable marketing strategy in a company addresses the analysis of sign situations towards the process of formulating, evaluating and selecting market oriented approaches in tandem with the laid down goals and objectives (Morphitou and Savvas 201).In designing this strategy, cultural considerations that will play a role include the beliefs and values of people pertaining the goods and services (Mooij 35). The company has to design a marketing approach that appeals to the markets beliefs and practices. For instance, when people believe that smartphones are essential in enhancing the value of their personal and social services, the business has to use promotional tools and language the emphasize on this issues.Secondly, consumer behavior characteristics are also essential in designing the marketing strategies. Consumers preferences for certain brands

Rhetorical Analysis Prompt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rhetorical Analysis Prompt - Essay mannikinCertain logos, ethos and pathos, are the techniques used skillfully to state the precedents point and to convince the audiences. The author bases his argument upon the fact that there has not been a definite answer to what the relationship between the charitable mind and the physical world could be. He claims that people should start viewing their perspective of reason other than because they have been unable to link the human mind to the physical world. He says that perhaps people do not possess an inner feeling in the manner they think they do (Michael 1).The author of the word seems not to understand how the human brain goes beyond its usual duty of information processing to a rather complex mission of being aware of information. He supports this claim by giving an warning of how the human brain perceived white rubric. Newton discovered that the white light is an amalgamation of fourfold colors of observable spectrum. He, therefor e, fails to understand the brain process that purifies the white color or white light. He then concludes that people operate under the assumption that the white light or white color is pure as a result of the hypothesis of the brain. For this reason, he asserts that the theories of knowledge are based on peoples intuitions slightly awareness. Just like the assumption that while light or white color is pure, peoples intuitions concerning consciousness are derived from the unreal and incorrect information computed in the human brain (Michael 1).Michaels argument about the relationship between brain activity and awareness is a convincing piece especially with the dish out of numerous argumentative elements applied in the hold. For instance, the article captures rhetorical appeals (logos, ethos and pathos) in the sense that he makes the article worth reading. He captures the concentration of his readers and vivifies his arguments with the use of practical and evidence-based examples. The

The Quality Improvement Program in the X-rays Department Research Paper

The Quality Improvement course of instruction in the X-rays Department - Research Paper ExampleVarious hospitals today use X-rays to diagnose contrary distempers among the patients. However, there is still a need for improvement in this atomic number 18a in set up to ensure that the quality of health is improved. As such, this project paper seeks to assess the quality improvement program that lav be implemented in the X-ray department in Rashid Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The paper starts by formation the project and this is followed by an outline of the data collection methods that can be implemented in order to outline the organizational aspect of the program as well as its implementation details with regards to implementation measures used, health core frequency of data collection, data analysis, and reporting mechanismsBasically, epidemiology is a sector in the medical exam field that specifically deals with diagnosing as well as controlling of diseases. Of no table concern is the event that the term disease can be said to have a wide connotation to the health care practitioners such as the nurses and doctors compared to ordinary people who often think that it however refers to an infection on the body. nearly patients have little knowledge about the nature of their illnesses as well as their cure or control. On the other hand, it can be noted that the quality of healthcare services offered can only be enhanced through the use of sophisticated equipment such as x-rays. Colmer (3) posts to the effect that without a risque order of technical competence and anatomical knowledge in surgeon and nurse alike, no deed could be a success.Usually, many people from different disciplines are involved in the delivery of healthcare and treatment of patients. However, before a treatment is administered to a patient, it can the noted that a diagnosis of the disease has to be carried out. In some instances, some illnesses cannot be diagnosed by a na ked eye and this is where x-rays are needed.

Should Gay Marriage Be Legal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Should Gay Marriage Be Legal - Essay modellingHaving a different sexual orientation does not make homosexuals outcasts and they have every right to deed their freedom even if the freedom means marrying the analogous gender. Gay marriages do not pose each sort of threat to the states or the society so it is not at all correct to apply it as a social vice. The issue should be looked at with an open mind and in a broader perspective. Gays would not change their sexual orientation if the gay marriages are not legalized. However legalization would forfeit them to enjoy the same rights as the others without the fear of humiliation or disgrace from the ordinary public. They would enjoy the same respect and recognition from the community which is gained by the straight couples.Previously the laws defined in a clownish were according to the religion that was being followed there with little regard for the minorities. However we now live in an era where laws are constituted keeping in mind the public interest and sanctity of their rights. then if the states are advocates of freedom then this freedom should also be extended towards gays since they are enough members of the society. The feeling of the states should be taken into account but it should only be under the discretion of the government whether to allot or disallow legalization of gay marriages because leaving it onto the states would only promote discord and disunity.Not granting equal rights to the gay community is another example of discrimination that has tainted the human history for so legion(predicate) years. The argument that is proposed by its opponents is of immorality and that the gay couples can live together privately without marrying but this pose only tends to force them into social isolation. It also forces the gay couple to explain their relationship continuously to the general public which makes them feel embarrassed, stopping them from active social

The Emperor Justinian's Code influenced government organization, views Research Paper

The Emperor Justinians Code influenced governing organization, views on lead and church-and-state relationships throughout many future governments - explore Paper ExampleThe laws became the legal binding laws of the state. The Emperor Justinians Code influenced government organization, views on leadership and church-and-state relationships throughout many future governments.Justinian was born 482 in the area that in modern times is called the Balkans, br separatehood of Greece. He was the nephew of the then emperor and thus had had a great deal of power even in advance he became the emperor. On his accession to the throne, he united the neighboring areas to become the sole emperor of the eastern hemisphere region for thirty-seven years from 527. The then state was closely connected with the church. All emperors preceding Justinian, since the sureness of Constantine, had always incorporated religious extremism of intol date of referencence into the legal framework and thus Just inian followed the same tradition. The past regimes had been very ruthless persecuting those who did not tow to the Christian teachings, Justinians reign became a very crucial era that affected future governments especially in antiquity and early epoch of the middle ages. In the Nicaean religious wars, the emperor became an icon and a hero as he led successive campaigns against the unmingled thought, and all other people opposed to Christianity (Sarris 65).He achieved these victories against non-believers by imposing oppressive binding gallant decrees that were not to be opposed, the government of Justinian was unanimously supporting forced conversions, and the existing temples of other religions were destroyed with the government troops actively involved in the religious campaigns. Though the use of troops in the enactment of the religious agendas had been inexistence since the time of Constantine, it reached its climax during the time of Justinian. The emperors campaigns of us ing state machinery to force other people to do the bidding of the church became very formidable such that it lasted for generations until the

MailChimp as One of The Newsletters in Advertising Essay

MailChimp as One of The Newsletters in Advertising - attempt ExampleThis makes it lightsome to use and adopt.However, the disadvantages allow in its inability to tolerate spamming as well as the unrequested mails. As such if unmatcheds correspondence is labeled as spam, the system automatically disables ones access to the services of the recipient. The advantages include ingenuous to use and manage, maximum delivery of services, customer support, simple to create as well as deliver, and customizable. The disadvantages include it is not cheap and unable to send videos on emails (Jose, 9). The advantages are it has very competitive prices, ability to provide live customer support via phone and webinar, supports autoresponder. The disadvantages include a limit on the number of campaigns one can run at a attached time, and the web-based browser may sabotage ones emails when theyswitch. Advantages include Very convenient as customers dont consume to install it, and its cost effecti ve. The disadvantages include the data security may be a challenge. Advantages include providing users with easy to use templates. The disadvantages are no live chat support.

Liberal Democracy Fostering Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

lax Democracy Fostering Development - Essay ExampleThis report declares that the complaisant societies are useful in treasureing development. They are responsible for setting the priorities of the most vulnerable in the society. With liberal democracy, according to Sen, civil societies can play their roles effectively. Democracy will allow civil societies expand their choices in the way they build the needs of the most vulnerable lot in the society know. This will enable the vulnerable individuals in the society to promote their freedom from poverty, fear, and violence. Sens argument is that, with democracy, at that place would be a climate where people can complain, speak out and argue. at that place would be promotion of transparency. Things will we be happening in the government and individuals will be aware of. This paper makes a conclusion that from Sens perspective, liberal democracy much(prenominal) as the focus on rights has proven to be important. However, in some ca ses such as mainland China and South Korea, this is not the case. The most important thing to note is how liberal democracy can foster development. For example, in developing countries that are democratic, how has democracy assisted the people both socially and economically? There is a need for more participation by people in movements that advocate change of governmental and economic system. This paper partially agrees with Sens views that liberal democracy fosters development, economically, either politically or socially. Nonetheless, there is growing attack on liberal democracy because it does not allow participation and co-operation at its centre.

Special Interests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Special Interests - Essay ExampleThey work to prefer politicians who fag understand their cause and have sympathy for them. Also the office staff is to involve stack who can conduct secret and at times, open propaganda campaigns. There atomic number 18 a number of use up groups dominant within any society. These comprise of the economic associations which can include trade unions, chambers of commerce and industries and virtually religious bodies. Then there are the professional associations which have within their fore architects, doctors, lawyers and certain early(a) professionals (Tilt, 1994). The third type of vex group is made up of public interest groups where the inclusion is of friends of environment with a single aim towards benefiting people beyond their mere memberships. The fourth is a special interest group which is essentially a subgroup that is formed within the framework of a bigger group and that emphasizes upon a narrow interest scope. Interest groups try their best to defend a status quo and to maintain it oer a period of time. It is for this reason that interest groups are hailed differently from the pressure groups. These interest groups have a properly defined intention behind their formation and this is the reason why they are openly advocated for by their prop sensationnts and supporters. These individuals feel that these interest groups represent what they would like to suggest to all and sundry, as well as delineate the truest picture for their own sake as far as the societal manifestations are concerned. Interest groups are always seen with an eye of skepticism because they have their own intentions to look after. Moreover, the manner under which they exist go off quite a few minds on the part of the people. Some of the examples related with these interest groups are the home(a) Rifle Association (NRA), People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and many more. These interest groups rely on the people within the society to make up their vital opinion and hence come forward. As a case in point, NRA has an interest within the opposition of anything that is anti-arm and is thus a complete defender of the atomic number 16 Amendments rights (Kleiner, 2002). On the other hand, PETA empathizes with the animals and solicits the response of the people within a community to come up with ethical solutions so that moral grounds could be founded for the animals in order for their survival domains (Pizam, 2008). Hence the role of these interest groups is of immense significance within this day and age as they mold public opinion and look to form a basis for critical issues that plague a society in one way or the other. It would be true on the part of the society to liaise with the interest groups so that the collective endeavors can have a long-lasting impact on the realms of the society and its inmates can gag a sigh of relief from the pressing issues, cropping up every now and then. There are a numb er of examples with regards to these interest groups but what remains important is their effort to set things right within the terrains of a society. If this happens, then interest groups will serve their purpose well. However, if this is not done in an adequate manner, then there are serious concerns with their formation in the first place. 2. Discuss the relationship between interest groups and political parties. The relationship between interest groups and political parties is one of significance.

Soft Path Energy vs. Hard Path Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

leisurely Path Energy vs. Hard Path Energy - Essay ExampleOn the contrary, champions of soft lead argue that soft driveway energy ensures quality energy in that the energy is environmentally couthy (Botkin and Keller, 2010). More so, soft driveway policy leads to production and delivery of flexible and sustainable energy (Parkins, 2001). such sources of energy, therefore, include, plagiarise, sunlight and biomass. Unfortunately, many nations, including developed nations, such as the United States, have energy policies that be much oriented to hard caterpillar track than the soft path. Therefore, an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of soft path energy, as compared to the hard path energy, is crucial in deciding whether to exploit soft path energy.Soft path energy alternatives are more environmentally friendly than their hard path counterparts. In particular, they have less harm to their ring than hard path energy (Parkins, 2001). For example, the electricit y used to light houses and drive air conditioning systems potentiometer be produced from hydroelectric power plants comprised of great dams, which pose a risk to people living or so them. Electricity can also be produced from nuclear power plants, which are health hazards and consume large amounts of water for cooling purposes. Sunlight can be used for lighting purposes, in its raw take form through opening windows or using transparent iron sheets, or electrically using solar panels that convert sunlight to electric energy. Wind turbines can also be used to harness wind energy and convert it to electric energy for lighting purposes. These lighting methods do not pose as much harm to the environment or risk animal, plant and human life as is the causa with hard energy. Moreover, they contribute less to global warming because they emit fewer gases and carbon (if any) to the atmosphere.Soft path energy alternatives are also renewable in that their sources cannot be exhausted, whic h is not the case with hard path energy sources. For

Reading Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading Assessment - Assignment ExampleThe current immigrants are different from the earlier immigrants in the sense that they version the source of terrorists and other ill intention arrivals with an objective of destroying the United States.John Amagoalik refer emphasizes relevance of Nunavut to original inhabitants of Australia and Greenland, Canada. Amagoalik argues that preserving Nunavut would assist Inuit and Aboriginals in protecting the erosion of their culture and history. Therefore, Nunavut conception remains emblematical of Aboriginals and Inuit historical reality.Gurston Dacks quote contradicts ideas advanced by Amagoalik. He argues that Nunavut have no particular value. Dacks, further states that Nunavut existence would only revoke postwar ideals rather than infer benefits to Austrian or Canadian community (Smith, 1971). confrontation of civilization theory proposes that post-Cold War would result from peoples religious and cultural identities. Media arguments and r esearch findings accept clash of civilizations theory. Media reports on continued disagreements between Islam community and the Western countries relates to the theory. Contemporary media news reports that Islamic communities have decided to form militant movements that reject Western values and way of living.Unfolding religious and cultural events prompts for analysis to support clash of civilizations theory. Cultural and religious differences between Islam and Christian community require insightful analysis and captain views to ascertain clash of civilizations

IMF & World Bank Regulations versus Domestic Politics Assignment

IMF & instauration Bank Regulations versus Domestic Politics - Assignment Examplezeable members quota which it pays an annual quota to the IMF an average of 40 million drawing rights (SDRs) where the quota is paid 75% in Pellian dollars and 25% in SDRs. Thus, Pell meets the operation of the IMF, making it to be able to acquire additional funding. Pell is entitled to borrow capital from IMF in form of Reserve tranche, which totals to maven fourth of its (Pell) quota. The quotas play an important part in IMF. (Gavin, 24).Pell was obliged to certain conditions when applying for additional funding from the global Monetary Fund (IMF), which included the following Pell was required to settle up IMF by repurchasing its own topical anaesthetic money preserves with global store benefits.The government of Pell has mentioned the possibility of improving its infrastructure in the country, olibanum the World Bank under International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) will grant P ell slightly financial assistance which will enable it to continue with the stated projects and also they will provide proficient assistance in their projects.Pell was to formulate its money adaptable to US dollars quickly but the course did not happen quickly. In addition, the money pegs were to stay permanent apart from fundamental disequilibrium conditions which were not cautiously distinct. whence Pell was to attach the US dollar or straight to gold. (Mason,

Financing Health Care in the US Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financing Health Care in the US - condition Paper Exampleprior to delving into the intricate issues and concerns that the government is trying to address to improve its present stance. Thereby, from among the learned articles reviewed on the subject, the suggestions and recommendations of various authors would be revealed in conjunction with unitys personal assessment on the subject of this discourse. There are two types of nettle to the delivery of health care services in all nation through the public or private sectors. Generally, the private sector in any health care system of a nation consists of divergent nongovernmental institutions of an array of levels and dimensions. Public health is predominantly financed with funds from the government that is solicited from public sources such as tax revenues. The health care in the fall in States is dominantly serviced and administered by private health institutions where no public hospitals are deemed owned and operated by the fed eral government. As revealed by Holstein and Litzinger (2008, 15), in the U.S., the rapid rise in health care cost and low access are widely recognized as twin troubles. Health care reform in this province first focused on cost containment through managed care to make health insurance affordable, and accordingly shifted to expanding access to coverage at the state level without doing away with the private health insurance foodstuff. This fact was likewise validated by Siegel, Mead and Burke (2008) who noted the parallel contentions in the rising cost of health care services coupled with the increasing number of Ameri rears who are uninsured. Health insurance can actually be availed through an employed individuals employer or through the employers of either the collaborator or parents, as applicable. Health insurance can also be purchased individually depending on ones capacity or financial status, and the required scope and contents of health insurance coverage. The problem is

The Making of the Korean War and Its End Term Paper

The Making of the Korean war and Its End - Term Paper ExampleWith the help of communists, northernmost Korea was sure of a western fence lizard win in South Korea and never thought that the United States would come to the assistance of South Korea in time. However, the South Korean communists had been suppressed harshly with no chance of helping trades union Korea forces. After successfully defeating the South Korean army and on the brink of winning, a combined United States and United Nations forces attacked atomic number 7 Korean forces successfully pushing North Korean forces past the 38th parallel. Kim had grossly underestimated the United States gird forces capacity in the realm and the U.S commitment to Ryees government. North Korea invaded South Korea starting the civil struggle in which Koreans fought each other on their own soil. Had Kim not invaded the south the civil war would not take a leak started but still it could not have been fought if the communist Russians and the United Nations had not divided the country at the 38th parallel splitting the country into an industrial north and an agricultural south by and by World War II. North Korea had a superior army and quickly overwhelmed the South Korean Forces. With troops support from Stalin and blessings from Mao, South Korea could not hold long, and they did not they had a weaker army and were not prepared for war. North Koreas leader had unified his country with swift reforms and jingoistic policies, which increased his popularity in contrast to Ryees government, which had embarked on a campaign to root out communists. It was his unification ambition and his brutal leadership that had prevented the United States from strengthen his military strength. Kims army had the support of the Soviet Union and without Stalins support he would have delayed his attempts at unifying Korea through military means. Why Did United States and Russia Interfere In The War? Failing to unify their country du e to bad communications and different ideologies, Kim and Ryee had to involve external powers to link Korea. Stalin initially did not support Kim in attacking South Korea, he changed his mind when Chinas communist took chinas leadership and the Soviet Union acquired and tested their first atomic bomb. NATO was constituted when Russias relation with the west was very poor. They could not support the war because the countrys sovereignty was threatened by the west and he did not want to aggravate the situation1. The atomic bomb make the Soviets more secure and hence they stopped being concerned with the reaction of the United States if they actively back up the war. The United States could have attacked the Soviet Union from the south but through Acheson statements America weakening troth in Asia was evident. Russia wrongly interpreted this as a weakening of the United States military capabilities and influence around the region. If Russia did not have the capability to defend it self against the west, Stalin would not have consented to the war. The increasing communist successes in the region concerned the United States government. Communist governments spread would weaken their influence in the region. If South Korea had suppressed North Koreas attack, Washington would not have a valid reason to attack. By defending the South Korea nationalistic government, it would empower the people through democracy, but Bruce Cumings disagrees claiming that the United States and South Korea committed sustained atrocities during the war. He claims that some(prenominal) unarmed civilians were shot

Professional Abilities Essay Example for Free

Professional Abilities evidenceThere are several organizations for each captain for example teachers, social workers, accountants and business owners just to make a a couple of(prenominal). Then there are sororities and fraternities which consist of on the whole of these professionals in one melting pot. The professional organization which I will describe in the paper is the National Association for the Education of five-year-old Children (NAEYC). As an employee in a Child Care Facility being apart of this organization derriere help improve my career if I choose to become the director in a few months. The following paragraph describes the history of the organization and what it has done for the untimely tiddlerhood curriculum. As a amaze of 5 with 4 attending school in the human race school governance this organization is in the public eye and moving forward with efforts to improve the archean puerility system and help teachers, parents and coition to understand ho w important our childrens grooming should be to us.I can join this organization and help to veer laws that can have an impact for not only my children but likewise grandchildren, nieces, nephews and the children that attend my Childcare instalment my eyes could be open to new information, meeting people from all(prenominal) aspects of life at the internal meetings and even go to Washington DC to help influence them to increase the funding, or make changes to existing policies regarding primordial childhood education.NAEYCs mission is to serve and act on behalf of the extremitys, rights and well-being of all young children with primal focus on the provision of educational and developmental services and resources. National Association for the Education of young Children has become the nations premier organization for early childhood professionalssetting look-based standards and providing resources to improve early childhood program quality, enhance the professional develop ment and working conditions of program staff, and to help families learn intimately and understand the need for high quality early childhood education.Through position statements, work with other organizations, and its national freewill accreditation system, NAEYC has been the leader in promoting excellence in early childhood education for all young children from fork over through age 8. NAEYCs roots extend to the 1920s when professional researchers and educators began organizing nursery schools for young children. Concerned about the quality of the proliferating programs, Patty Smith Hill identified a multidisciplinary group of 25 individuals, among them Arnold Gesell, Lois Meek (Stolz), and Abigail Eliot, to consume the need for a new association.A public conference was held in Washington, DC in 1926. By 1929, the group was organized as the National Association for Nursery Education (NANE) and had published its first prevailMinimum Essentials for Nursery Education. In 1964, N ANE was reorganized as the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). as well that year, the federal Head Start program was launched, focusing public attention on preschool education.In the early 1980s, concern about the quality of early childhood services available to the burgeoning numbers of families seeking child care and preschool programs for their young children led NAEYC to begin planning a national voluntary accreditation system for early childhood programs. NAEYCs work in developing position statements and setting standards for different aspects of early childhood education continued throughout the 1990s.The National Institute for Early Childhood Professional Development focuses attention on improving the quality of preparation and ongoing professional development for teachers of young children by providing a range to learn from researchers about new developments and evaluations of pedagogy, curriculum, assessment, and teacher education. By its 75t h anniversary in 2001, the association was sedulous in a project to reinvent its accreditation system (scheduled to be fully implemented in 2006). support provided by a variety of contributors has been instrumental to the success of this effort.In addition, a comprehensive restructuring of its affiliate groups (most of which successfully re-affiliated in 2004) had also been launched. Interest Forums were established as a membership benefit in 2001 to move on communities of learning on issues related to the NAEYC mission. Funding provided by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation enabled NAEYC to establish the Supporting Teachers, change Families project to prevent child abuse and promote childrens healthy social development by fate teachers better communicate with families on difficult issues.The Association also adopted standards for professional preparation sort degree programs in early childhood education and launched plans to develop an accreditation system for these institut ions. This effort has been generously support by a number of contributors. The results of earlier efforts to build the Associations policy presence are clearly visible in 2004. Affiliates and members receive training, technical assistance and resources to help them improve the capacity of their efforts to promote good public policies and investments in affordable, high quality early childhood education programs.NAEYC is recognized as a booster cable voice in Congress and in state capitols on what is needed to help improve early childhood programs and services for all young children and their families, ranging from child care and Head Start, to early elementary grade reading programs and appropriate assessment. Early childhood educators look to NAEYC for journals, books, and other resources that combine a solid research base and information and features that make them highly accessible and useful for practitioners, teacher educators, and policy makers.NAEYC Conferences continue to be the meetings that just cant be missed, serving a critical convening function for the early childhood profession and providing a valuable professional development opportunity. Approaching its 80th anniversary, NAEYC is proud of its traditions, but also looks to the future. The Association is committed to becoming an ever more high performing inclusive organization that invites all individuals, families, communities and organizations to work together to improve the lives of all young children.They run an Associate Degree Accreditation Program too many Universities that have programs in Early Childhood to make sure they are preparing their students for their career. They also offer Early Childhood professionals resources to improve their practice through training and professional development. After reading all the above information we should all be apart of this type of organization that cares greatly for the education system that our child (ren) participate in on a daily basis.

Political Ideology Essay Example for Free

semipolitical Ideology riseAbstract Are these heady days for Nigerian establishmental parties? This is the main question, which this piddle a stylusup addresses with emphasis on polity-making ideology, being the firstborn and most heavy vehicle of a policy-making political society. It is argued that despite all told pretences to the contrary through their manifestoes, as much as the superficial classifications as the left and right, continuous tense and conservative, Nigerian parties seem to be unbeloved of clear ideologic commitments.This conclusion is predicated upon the relegation of goernance of issues to the background across the various republics, and in its indicate the ascendancy of identity and money governance. Other particularors allow in the rising magnitude of political vagrancy on the tooshie of selfish and parochial interests, the high level of ships company indiscipline, absence/weakness of companionship cohesion and informal republic, a nd the high mortality and turnover of party leadinghip. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of this for Nigerias democratization and egalitarian consolidation, before concluding with slightly recommendations. 1. Introduction.Are these heady days for Nigerian political parties? It does non seem so. Although, the decade of the 1990s witnessed the massive spread of what Huntington (1991) referred to as the third riffle of democratization to Africa, including Nigeria, leading to an unprecedented resurgence of multiparty political relation, thither is no controversy most the fact that the genuine adoption of party pluralism will non automatically dismiss the cause of democracy without the institutionalization of certain institutional parameters to promote and sustain due process in theory and practice (See, Bratton and Van de Walle, 1992 1997 Sorensen,612 J Shola Omotola, MS. , saviours University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria 1993). One of the most multifactorial and c ritical institutions of democracy is political party. Political parties, as dischargers of democracy, do been so romanticized that scholars befool claimed that neither democracy nor democratic societies are thinkable without them.They non further execute functions that are government related, such(prenominal) as making government accountable and exercising control over government administration and electorate related functions such as political representation, expression of peoples solicit through interest articulation and aggregation as well as structuring of electoral choices except besides linkage related functions, playing an intermediary and mediatory role surrounded by the government and the electorate (see, Moore, 2002 Lapalombara and Anderson, 2001 Simon, 1962).Following Omotola (2005a) and Egwu (2005), Saliu and Omotola (2006) fix pointed out that political parties slew only cope effectively with these responsibilities to the extent of their political instituti onalization in impairment of structure, internal democracy, cohesion and discipline, as much as their autonomy. The element of party autonomy is very crucial.For, as onlyi Mari Tripp has argued, and rightly so, those organizations that have asserted the greatest autonomy have generally been able to select their hold leaders, push for far-r separatelying agendas, and involve themselves in politics to a greater extent than organizations that have been tied to the regimen/or dominant party, either formally or through informal patronage ne bothrks (Tripp, 2001101). A eminence of caution is necessary here to avoid confusion. The relationship between political parties and the state is a complex one.This is because it is the party that forms the government, the latter(prenominal) being the institution of the state. To now talk of a hard-line demarcation between the two whitethorn be unrealistic. Yet, the relationship should be well defined such that political parties, curiously the o ne in big businessman, as a critical segment of two the state and society, can whoop it up some reasonable degree of societal autonomy, the absence of which poses serious threats to political self-ag gramisingization, democratization and democratic consolidation (Tripp, 2001105).In such a situation, multiparty democracy can be adapted for the politicization of ethnicity and further 613 J Shola Omotola, MS. , the Nazarenes University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria elite enrichment encouraging a confrontational and divisive system (cf Dicklitch, 2002205). The import of the forward discussion, to take a cue from Saliu and Omotola (20062), is that the level of political institutionalization of political parties and their institutional strengths are directly check to their ability to discharge their ascribed responsibilities, and by extension, the strengths of democracy.When well institutionalized, political parties can serve as a personate of mediating institutions through which di fferences in ideas, interests and perception of political problems at a abandoned clock time can be managed (Olagunju, 2000 Omotola, 2005a). However, when the reverse is the trip, the democracy project and the general system stand the risk of perversion and eventual breakdown. whatever the case, it is important to none that at the very heart of the success or otherwise of political party is the important question of political ideology.The issue of ideology has been so central to the activities of political parties across time and space that Anson D. Morse (189676) has argued that ideology, being the durable convictions held in common by party members in complaisance to the most desirable form, institutions, spirit and course of operation of the state, determines the natural attitude of a party towards every public question (cf. Iyare, 200481).In an incisive piece on political party convention, Richard Davies and Vincent J. Strickler (19961025) similarly argue that ideology fu nctions as planks, that is, single issue statements within the platform, the exact ideological orientation of which is frequently employ as a bargaining chip in seeking party unity. Here, the platform connotes a statement of the official party position on a variety of issues.Okudiba Nnoli (2003177-82) in addition concludes that ideology is a very crucial aspect of politics, not only by constituent as a cognitive structure for looking at society generally and providing a prescriptive formula, that is, a guidebook to undivided action and judgement, but also as a powerful instrument of conflict management, selfidentification, ordinary mobilization and legitimization. It may, therefore, be correct to assert that the first and most important vehicle of a political party, below an ideal situation, should be its ideological stance. 614 J Shola Omotola, MS. , saviours University, Move, Ogun State, NigeriaIn reality, however, this is seldom the case. Perhaps, due to the superficia lity of democratic roots especially in the developing countries, other forces of identity particularly ethnicity and religion would shape up to have taken the place of ideology. The rising influence of money politics represents another crucial restrain dimension (see, Nugent, 2001a 2001b 2001c 1999 1995 Gros, 1998 Omotola, 2004). What is the situation with Nigerian parties? Put antithetically, do Nigerian parties have ideology? How has its ideological school shaped and influenced the course of party politics in the artless?The main thrust of this chapter is to critically busy these questions with a view to suggesting ways of reviving and raising the consciousness of Nigerian parties with regard to the centrality of ideology to party activities and effectiveness. The paper is organized into a number of sections. Firstly, it will analyze the place of ideology in political theory. The second substantive section situates Nigerian parties in historical perspectives, tracing briefly their founding and suppuration as a precursor to the analysis of the place of ideology in Nigerian parties across antithetical epochs.The last substantive part of the paper, drawing on its immediate preceding section, engages the central question of whether Nigerian parties have ideology or not. It is argued that despite all pretences to the contrary through their manifestoes, as much as the superficial classifications as the left and right, progressive and conservative parties, Nigerian parties seem to be bereft of clear ideological commitments. This conclusion is predicated upon the relegation of politics of issues to the background across the various republics, and in its place the ascendancy of identity and money politics.Other factors include the rising magnitude of political vagrancy on the basis of selfish and parochial interests, the high level of party indiscipline, absence/weakness of party cohesion and internal democracy, and the high mortality and turnover of party l eadership. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of this for Nigerias democratization and democratic consolidation, before concluding. 615 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria 2. Ideology and Political Theory.Ideology represents a typically crucial element of political parties and their activities. It is a set of ideas about politics, all of which are related to one another and that modify and lose each other. Though relatively enduring, it is yet a dynamic phenomenon, capable of being modified by new issues. It was in this light that Philips W. Shively (1997) defines an ideology as a continually developing, organized set of ideas about politics that helps us to make sense of the myriad of political questions that face use.For Okudiba Nnoli, ideology typifies a systematized and interconnected set of ideas about the socio-economic and political organization of society as a complete (Nnoli, 2003 178). The supposition of ideology, is, histor ically, deeply rooted in political theory. As a concept, it was coined by the late eighteenth blow French philosopher, Destutt de Tracy (1754 1836). match to Nnoli (2003177), Destutt de Tracy used it to describe a new scientific discipline that systematically studies ideas, emotions and sensations the attainment of ideas.This conception has since changed and ideology has come to embody the ideas themselves. As a result of the changes, ideology has come to be presented as a subject representing two contradictory realities the good and the bad, the former depicting ideology as a system of thought that animates accessible or political action, and the latter as a misleading, illusory or one-sided criticism or condemnation (cf Nnoli, 2003178-79). This was the kind of debate that dominated political discourse in the midnineteenth century.For instance, in their The German Ideology, Marx and Engels (1960) took a swipe at Hegel and his-co-travelers, describing them as ideologists of t he bourgeois system, not articulate about the material conditions of social and political liveness. Yet, they went ahead to articulate another conception of ideology based on class analysis as a device for articulating the conflicting interests of diametrical social classes (Nnoli, 2003178). 616 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria.From whatever perspective one looks as it, the reality of political flavor across political systems, developed or developing, is the fact of multiple political options from which inevitably, choice(s) must be made. At such critical crossroads, ideology provides a ready guide for appropriate action. Philips W. Shively posits that ideology is useful to people, both for their own personal ease and satisfaction and for their public political activities. At the individual level, ideology helps to make sense reasonably easily and quickly of the varied political questions that come to ones attention.In terms of its public uti lities, it helps people to make persuasive arguments convincingly to enlist popular support for a given public policy (Shively, 199746 47). On the whole, therefore, ideology is an indispensable element of politics. It does not only serve as a major instrument of state power, playing major role in the acquisition, use and consolidation of power, but also functions as political heartline for the animation of politics, forcing individuals and groups alike to make political judgment, especially in the face of competing and conflicting divides, as between capitalism and socialism, during the Cold War.On these notes, Nnoli (2003181-83) summarizes the functions of ideology as that of providing A cognitive structure for looking at society generally, be serving as an explanatory and justificatory category for societal realities A prescriptive formula a guide to individual action and judgment as a basis for the legitimization of public polities when in conformity with popular belief An i nstrument of conflict management and the integration of society by limiting the basic set and issues over which societal members and disagree A way of self-identification for the satisfaction of specific personality needs, a means of self-evaluation and social solidarityA dynamic force in both individual and collective commitment action for or against the control class or decision. That is, it provides a powerful basis for mobilization 617 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria Enhancement of the political magic spells of a political party, by differentiating one party from another and Negatively, may serve not only as a serious impediment to national integration and overcome the down the stairsprivileged, but also to disguise authoritarian rule. This is because, it tends to provide individuals with imaginary avenues of escape from the harsh realities of social life (Nnoli, 2003183). It is important to note that ideologies do have certain defin ing attributes.Most notable among these include the fact that they are not simply the creation of those who hold them. Rather, they tend to take on a life of their own and guide the political views of their holders in unanticipated ways (see, Price and Sullivan, 1980 Freeden, 1996). In most cases, ideologies formulate from seemingly irreconcilable antagonistic settings, tend to be exclusive, absolute and universal in character and can be personalized and turned into a sacred belief similar to religious beliefs. While it is not entirely permanent, it is, however, resistant to fundamental changes (see, Sibley, 1970 Nnoli, 2003 Enemuo, 1999). Some illustrations suffice.Across time and space, various forms of ideologies have emerged at different times, Marxism and not in the least, African socialism. For space constraints, we can not examine each of these here. It is however important to note that most of these ideologies do fit correctly to the aforementioned attributes. For instance, almost all such ideologies such as conservatism and socialism emerged in situation of acute social strain, in result to liberalism and capitalism respectfulnessively. While liberalism emphasizes individualism ( freehandeddom, liberty), conservatism harps on collectivism characteristic of welfarist states.Despite their long history, attacks and counterattacks against each other, both liberalism and conservation still remain prominent ideologies in western democracies particularly the United States of American and big Britain (see, Rudolph, Jr. , 1996 Kay, 1976). Today, the emphasis in political theory is predominantly on democratic ideology.David Howarth 618 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria defines a democratic ideology as one involving the classification and analysis of different geeks of democratic ideologies, as they are articulated and function in concrete societies. It includes various democratic forms and institutions as capitalist/lib eral democracy and radical democracy. It also reflects on the differences within a given type such as direct and indirect variants of liberal democracy (Howarth, 2001 191-94).Essentially, democratic ideology centers on the way in which the language and rhetoric of democracy function as a tool of ideological justification and legitimization by political elites and ruling classes. It also focuses on cultural and ethnical conditions for the proper functioning of liberal democratic states and societies, requiring in the least, a belief in or at least an acceptance of democracy (see, Putnam, 1993 1995 1996).Above all, democratic ideology typifies the use of democracy by social groups and political forces to constitute their identities and advance their interests. Here, according to Howarth (2001193), democracy is itself a key ideological element in political mobilization and struggle, and is used to create political frontiers between differently located social groups and agencies.Democr atic ideology therefore captures the whole essence of our theoretical postulations on the centrality of ideology to the exploits of political parties. What needs to be added is that an umbrella party (Catch-All Party) that seeks to appeal to diverse interests, usually by adopting a general or vague platform, may not needs stick to only one ideology and vice versa. This is the case in the United States where in the two dominant parties Democrats and commonwealthan there are Liberals, Moderates and blimpishs. The reverse is the case in Great Britain where the Labour and Conservative parties are each highly centralized and less catch-all in nature than American parties (see, Rudolph, Jr. , 1996 1021).Yet, in either case, the parties are known for their well-defined and distinct ideologies. 619 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria 3. Origin and step-up of Nigerian Parties Philips, W. Shively (1997200) observed that although political party had tur ned to be useful for a variety of tasks that admit control or communication, it was first invented for to a greater extent limited and self serving purposes. This observation aptly captures the Nigerian reality. At its inception in 1923, precisely 24 June, 1923, following the introduction of the elective principle by the Clifford constitution, Nigerian parties had very limited and self-serving objectives.The main objective was perhaps, that of buying legitimacy for the colonial government through very limited franchise restricted to Lagos and Calabar. Richard Sklar, in his seminal work Nigerian Political Parties demonstrates articulately how the emergence of political associations such as the Peoples Union, was only in response to the prevailing realities of colonial administration (Sklar, 1963 Coleman, 1958). Little wonder, when the first political party in Nigeria, the Nigerian bailiwick Democratic Party (NNDP) emerged in 1923, under the leadership of Herbert Macaulay, its act ivities were restricted to contesting elections into the Lagos city council.For years, the UNDP was hegemonic in its dominance in electoral politics in the country. This was to be challenged by the Lagos early days Movement latter Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM)- make in 1934 and defeated the NNDP for the three seats allocated to Lagos that year. By 1944, the increasing tempo of nationalic agitation had resulted in the formation of another political party the subject field Council of Nigeria and Cameroon (CNCN), under the leadership of Herbert Macaulay and subsequently Nnamdi Azikwe (see, Sklar, 1968 46-50).This was followed, in quick succession, by the transformation of the Egbe Omo Oduduwa, a Yoruba sociocultural organization, into a political party, the Action pigeonholing (AG) in 1950 under the leadership of Chief Obafemi Awolowo and the Northern People Congress (NPC) in 1959 with dominance in the northern region.By 1951, a breakaway faction of the NPC consisting mainly o f radical youths based in Kano formed the Northern Element Progressive Union (NEPU). These parties dominated the political landscape of the country particularly in their respective regions in the 620 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria march towards independence and in the First res publica (see, Dudley, 1973 Sklar, 1963). Although the Second Republic (1979 1983) witnessed the emergence of more political parties, there was no much difference with what obtained under the First Republic.Rather, what happened was the reincarnation of parties of the First Republic under different nomenclatures with some additional parties. The parties included the depicted object Party of Nigeria (NPN), the Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN) and the Nigerian Peoples Party (NPP) replacing the NPC, AG and NCNC, respectively. Others were the Peoples Redemption Party (PRP) and Great Nigerian Peoples Party (GNPP), and later Nigerian Advance Party (NAP), which was registered in 1982, after failing the first round in 1978 (Osaghae, 1998). These parties constituted major actors in the Second Republic. Under the aborted Third Republic, there was a fundamental change in the mode of party formation in Nigeria.This pertains to the official formation of parties by the state after a series of experiments with different political associations (see, Oyediran and Agbaje, 1991). The parties were the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC), the former being a niggling to the left and the latter a itsy-bitsy to the right (see, Olagunju, et al, 1993216 Omoruyi, 2002). This increase, executed after the dissolution of the thirteen associations that applied for registration has been as part of the grand design to execute a hidden agenda to perpetuate the military regime in power (Osaghae, 1998220). The eventual annulment of the 12 June 1993 presidential election by the military regime of general Babangida lends some credence to this claim. The country once again returned to multi-party democracy in 1999 following the rebirth inaugurated and successfully immaculate by General Abdulsalm Abubakar. Initially, three political parties Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), the All Peoples Party (APP), later All Nigerian People Party (ANPP), and the Alliance for Democracy (AD) were registered by the Independent National Electoral consignment (INEC). By December 2002, the number of registered parties rose to thirty (30), firearm additional three 621 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria political parties were registered in January/February 2006 (see, Simbine, 2005 Onu and Momoh, 2005). This presupposes the opening up of the political space for democratic opportunities and development.But in reality, the opportunities associated with such openings are yet to be positively exploited for the political development of the country. This may not be unconnected with the poverty of ideology that characte rizes Nigerian parties, as will be demonstrated in the next section. 4. Nigerian Parties and Ideological Dispositions Let us begin with parties of the First Republic, that is, the NPC, NCNC and AG. Ideologically, the NPC was an essentially conservative and elitist party, while the AG and NCNC appeared to be progressive and welfarist, predicated upon collectivised ideology. Even at that, it may be difficult to delineated the very ideological orientation of these parties.They, however, share a common feature of ethno-regional ideology, seeking to capture and merge power in their respective spheres of influence/region. They were also driven by a commitment to the nationalist struggle, though in varying degrees, against colonialism. The ambiguity as regards their ideological disposition can further be gleaned from the pattern of alignment between/among the parties. For example, the resolve of the NPC and NCNC, two ideologically incompatible parties, the former to the right and the la tter to the left, to enter into the trammel that formed the government during the First republic attests to this. Scholars have pointed out that the alliance was a marriage of inconvenience, and would have been better between the AG and NCNC.Because the alliance was not informed by a commitment to a belief system and principles espoused by party ideology, it crumbled, sooner than expected, like a park of cards (see, Dudley, 1993 Post and Vickers, 1973 Olaniyi, 199787). In terms of ideological orientations, parties of the Second Republic would appear, safe for the GNPP, to be the reincarnations of the parties of the moribund First Republic. 622 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria For this and related reasons, there were no fundamental differences in party politics and activities, as the country was once again mired in a vituperative and vicious politics (Yaqub, 2002 125).This was graphically captured by the unprecedented pace of intra and inter-pa rty factionalization and conflicts. Political vagrancy permeates the political landscape, leaving in its wake major realignments and coalitions among the parties (see, Osaghae, 1998139 44). Notably, the formation of the so-called forum of the progressive governors consisting of PRP, GNPP, NPP and UPN was unable to survive long, as the ruling NPN used its federal might and patronage to attract decampees from other parties. Eventually, it succeeded in wooing the NPP of the East, in a manner reminiscent of the First Republic into an alliance, which like the earlier one, collapsed sooner than expected.The eventual breakdown of the alliance marked the beginning of internal crisis for the NPP, following the refusal of some of its top leaders particularly Mathew Mbu and Professor Ishaya Audu to publish their appointments in government (Osaghae, 1998140). Logically, it may be argued that if the parties had been guided by a clear commitment to a particular belief system and principles, muc h of the crisis and contradictions that characterized party politics under the Second Republic could have been averted. But, since the parties were motivated largely by ethnic competition for power through their respective ethnic champions, naught more could have been expected. As Osaghae has argued, while the instrumentalist, to the attainment of this feat (1998144).The degeneration of party politics through political vagrancy, elite factionalization and weak institutionalization led to the military coup of December 31, 1983 that brought the Second Republic into an abrupt end. Yet, the NPP and GNPP appeared to be liberal in ideology with a strong belief in motley economy the NPN conservative with emphasis on free market system and respect for traditional institutions.The PRP, a leftist and most radical party had a populist, antineocolonial agenda and advocates social revolution and income redistribution and the UPN the most disciplined, socialist/welfarist in orientation was base d on the 623 J Shola Omotola, MS., Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria philosophy of free education and heath care delivery (see, Ujo, 200091-102 Osaghae, 1998118-122).The aborted Third Republic witnessed a new experiment in party formation, when for the first time in the history of party politics in Nigeria the government created and compel two political parties on the system. Ordinarily, the existence of two political parties should represent two different ideological camps, as has been the case between the Labour and Conservative parties in Britain and Democrats and Republican parties in the USA. This was not the case with respect to the SDP and NRC in Nigeria.Although, while one was a little to the left and other a little to the right, nothing much differentiates the parties, at least not in ideological dispositions (see, Jinadu, 1995 Lewis, 1994 Oyediran and Agbaje, 1991 Adejumobi, 1997). Yaqub (2002128) had written about party politics under the Third Republic tha t The way incompatibility had been manifested in the two parties was not basically due to serious ideological divisions (in any case, the manifestoes of the parties, despite phrase mongering of a little to the left, and a little to the right, did not articulate much programme differences), but to assert, that even if we are to follow Babangidas words, the old lines of cleavages and primordial loyalties once again simply asserted themselves.If parties of previous republics were found abstracted on ideological stance and commitment, those of the Fourth Republic are obviously worse. Omoruyi (20028) has noted that the manner of origin of the parties does not fit into what we know from literature, their composition fluid and unstable, and can be viewed as mere instruments of transition from military to civil rule. And for the future and with the prospect for more parties, they raise more questions than answers to the lingering political problems for Nigeria.According to him, the PDP, for example, draws its founders from all and sundry political persuasions conservatives, radicals and progressives (Ghali Nabba, 624 J Shola Omotola, MS., Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria 2001 cf Omoruyi, 20028), most of whom back up the annulment of the June 12, 1993 presidential election and flirted with the military during the annulment and in the post-annulment period including some serving as ministers or members of the ING or as member of the Abacha undemocratic constitutional conference or as leaders of some of the five political parties set up and managed by General Abachas aides that lastly endorsed him as the sole presidential candidate in April 1998 (Omoruyi, 20028-9). The APP did not differ in any respect as its founders also served as ministers or as aides in different parts of the country under Abacha.The AD that looks different was, however, affected by its inability to meet the federal character clause in the constitution and up till today remains essentially a Yoruba party. It was perhaps the forego faulty origin and precarious foundations of these parties that have been largely responsible for their seeming ideological barrenness. Although, the PDP and APP (ANPP) were status quo parties, given their capitalist and conservative dispositions and the AD progressive and radical in appearance, none of them seems to have clear policy positions as a basis of popular mobilization and legitimacy of their actions. Judging by their activities, it has been observed that theres almost nothing to chose, between PDP and other parties in terms of ideological learning (Iyare, 200492).Simbine (2002200523) has also observed that the manifestoes of the first three political parties were essentially the same in content, as they were not crafted differently, and the strategies for achieving objectives did not differentiate parties from each other. In a seeming self-indictment passage, Jerry Gana, a former Minister of education and PDP stalwart observes In terms of cohesion and firm ideological learning, there is a problem but PDP will be transformed, PDP will be strong, PDP will be strengthened ideological, PDP will be more organized, PDP will be in power for 30 years (quoted in Iyare, 200494).625 J Shola Omotola, MS. , Redeemers University, Move, Ogun State, Nigeria Given the obvious poverty of ideology that characterizes the first three political parties of the Fourth Republic, PDP, APP and AD, it should not be surprising that almost all the other parties that sprang up or broke away from them did no do so because of ideological disagreements.Neither was it that they have articulated alternative views of governance for sustainable democracy and development as a viable basis of popular mobilization to wrestle power from the incumbent party. Rather, they were products of adversarial elite behaviour taken to the points of irreconcilability. Little wonder, these parties also have no ideological stance on major national qu estions other than the transformation and manipulation of forces of identity particularly ethnicity and religion (see, Simbine, 2005). The implication is that the so-called political parties are not in competition with one another.They are in factions these factions are more in competition within themselves than with another party (Omoruyi, 200217). An informed observer and consistent scholar of Nigerian politics captures the scenario thus Unfortunately, the succeeding generations of party leaders, despite having their forbearers legacies to draw from and better educational background into the bargain, have not demonstrated this perspicacity.