Vanadium Facts (V or Atomic Number 23)

Vanadium (atomic number 23 with symbol V) is one of the transition metals. Youve probably never encountered it in pure form, but it is found in some types of steel. Here are essential element facts about vanadium and its atomic data. Fast Facts: Vanadium Element Name: VanadiumElement Symbol: VAtomic Number: 23Group: Group 5 (Transition Metal)Period: Period 4Appearance: Blue-gray metalDiscovery: Andrà ©s Manuel del Rà ­o (1801) Vanadium  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 23 Symbol: V Atomic Weight: 50.9415 Discovery: Depending who you ask: del Rà ­o 1801 or Nils Gabriel Sefstrom 1830 (Sweden) Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s2 3d3 Word Origin: Vanadis, a Scandinavian goddess. Named after the goddess because of vanadiums beautiful multicolored compounds. Isotopes: There are 20 known isotopes of vanadium ranging from V-23 to V-43. Vanadium has only one stable isotope: V-51. V-50 is nearly stable with a half-life of 1.4 x 1017 years. Natural vanadium is a mostly a mixture of the two isotopes, vanadium-50 (0.24%) and vanadium-51 (99.76%). Properties: Vanadium has a melting point of 1890/-10 °C, boiling point of 3380 °C, specific gravity of 6.11 (18.7 °C), with a valence of 2, 3, 4, or 5. Pure vanadium is a soft, ductile bright white metal. Vanadium has good corrosion resistance to alkalis, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and saltwater, but it oxidizes readily at temperatures exceeding 660 °C. The metal has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section. Vanadium and all of its compounds are toxic and should be handled with care. Uses: Vanadium is used in nuclear applications, for producing rust-resistant spring and high-speed tool steels, and as a carbide stabilizer in making steels. Approximately 80% of the vanadium that is produced is used as a steel additive or ferrovanadium. Vanadium foil is used as a bonding agent for cladding steel with titanium. Vanadium pentoxide is used as a catalyst, as a mordant for dyeing and printing fabrics, in the manufacture of aniline black, and in the ceramics industry. Vanadium-gallium tape is used to produce superconducting magnets. Sources: Vanadium occurs in approximately 65 minerals, including vanadinite, carnotite, patronite, and roscoelite. It is also found in certain iron ores and phosphate rock and in some crude oils as organic complexes. Vanadium is found in small percentages in meteorites. High purity ductile vanadium may be obtained by reducing vanadium trichloride with magnesium or a magnesium-sodium mixture. Vanadium metal also may be produced by calcium reduction of V2O5 in a pressure vessel. Vanadium  Physical Data Element Classification: Transition MetalDensity (g/cc): 6.11Electronegativity: 1.63Electron Affinity: 50.6 kJ/molMelting Point (K): 2160Boiling Point (K): 3650Appearance: soft, ductile, silvery-white metalAtomic Radius (pm): 134Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 8.35Covalent Radius (pm): 122Ionic Radius: 59 (5e) 74 (3e)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.485Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 17.5Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 460Debye Temperature (K): 390.00Pauling Negativity Number: 1.63First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 650.1Oxidation States: 5, 4, 3, 2, 0Lattice Structure: Body-Centered CubicLattice Constant (Ã…): 3.020CAS Registry: 7440-62-2 Vanadium Trivia Vanadium was initially discovered in 1801 by the Spanish-Mexican mineralogist Andres Manuel del Rà ­o. He extracted the new element from a sample of lead ore and found salts formed a multitude of colors. His original name for this colorful element was panchromium, meaning all colors.del Rio renamed his element erythronium (Greek for red) because the crystals of vanadium would turn red upon heating.The French chemist Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils claimed del Rà ­os element was actually chromium. del Rà ­o retracted his discovery claim.Swedish chemist Nils Sefstrà ¶m rediscovered the element in 1831 and named the element vanadium after the Scandinavian goddess of beauty Vanadis.Vanadium compounds are all toxic. Toxicity tends to increase with oxidation state.The first commercial use of vanadium steel was the chassis of the Ford Model T.Vanadium is paramagnetic.The abundance of vanadium in the Earths crust is 50 parts per million.The abundance of vanadium in seawater is 0.18 par ts per billion.Vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst in the Contact Process to manufacture sulfuric acid.Vanadium is found in the proteins known as vanabins. Some sea species of sea cucumbers and sea squirts have yellow blood because of the vanabins in their blood. Sources Featherstonhaugh, George William (1831). New Metal, provisionally called Vanadium. The Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Science: 69.Marden, J. W.; Rich, M. N. (1927). Vanadium. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 19 (7): 786–788. doi:10.1021/ie50211a012Sigel, Astrid; Sigel, Helmut, eds. (1995). Vanadium and Its Role in Life. Metal Ions in Biological Systems. 31. CRC. ISBN 978-0-8247-9383-8.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

The Epidemic Of The Bubonic Plague - 1226 Words

Epidemiology The prevalence of disease in the thirteenth century was very common in Europe,and Africa, later on spread to parts of Asia. Currently the bubonic is not that common but is still infecting a small portion of the earth. The Bubonic Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia Pestis, a zoonotic bacteria, usually found in small animals and their fleas. It is transmitted between animals and humans by the bite of infected fleas, direct contact, inhalation and rarely, ingestion of infective materials. Locations The second pandemic, widely known as the Black Death or the Great Plague, originated in China in 1334 and spread along the great trade routes to Constantinople and then to Europe, where it claimed an estimated 60% of the European population (Benedictow, 2008). Entire towns were wiped out. Some contemporary historians report that on occasion, there were not enough survivors remaining to bury the dead (Gross, 1995). Despite the vast devastation caused by this pandemic, however, massive labor shortages due to high mortality rates sped up the development of many economic, social, and technical modernizations (Benedictow, 2008). It has even been considered a factor in the emergence of the Renaissance in the late 14th century. Specific Region Historians believe the outbreak started in China in 1334 and then spread westward along trade routes through Russia, Turkey and Europe. Globally Though the Black Death of the Middle Ages isShow MoreRelatedCan Epidemics Be Avoided?1024 Words   |  5 PagesCan Epidemics be Avoided? Epidemics can happen anywhere and can strike at any time. An epidemic is a spreading of a disease in a community that attacks numerous people. An example of an epidemic today is the recent outbreak of Ebola. Ebola has ravished throughout Africa for about a year and the United States has only had a few cases of it just recently. The United States and other countries have communicated with one another so outbreaks don’t occur and Ebola remains isolated to one country. TwoRead MoreThe Plague Of Bubonic Plague1714 Words   |  7 Pagesand died in their sleep† (Gale). This terrible epidemic is known all over the world for it’s deadly and unique characteristics. The diffusion, history, and cure are just a couple universal aspects that contribute to the well known, yet unforgiving disease known as the Bubonic Plague. The Bubonic Plague diffused to many people during its time of dominance. To start, the Bubonic Plague is transmitted to other living organisms in a distinct way. The plague bacteria circulates among different populationsRead MoreBubonic Plague1154 Words   |  5 PagesBubonic plague is believed to have brought the Byzantine empire to its knees in the 6th century. This is the first ever documented record of bubonic plague in human history. But the fact that bubonic plague continues to afflict human population even today is a matter of concern. Your bubonic plague research paper would revolve around the premise of it being a deadly disease, but we assure you that we won’t scare you by the facts. Bubonic plague is typically differentiated from other infections becauseRead MoreThe Plague Of Bubonic Plague1675 Words   |  7 PagesBubonic Plague Ellery Perez Health Science Technology  Made of a canvas outer garment coated in wax, as well as waxed leather pants, gloves, boots and hat. A dark leather hood and mask with a very grotesque curved beak (Jackie Rosenhek, 2011). A serial killer, Halloween costume perhaps or a cosplay outfit for a horror movie? No, a doctor actually is what this outfit was meant for. Doctors wore this attire in the medieval times in order to protect themselves from the bubonic plague. We ve all heardRead MoreAnalysis Of The Plague By Albert Camus1101 Words   |  5 PagesThe novel, The Plague, written by Albert Camus, will be the focal point of the Multicultural essay. Further delving into Albert Camus and his life, he was a French philosopher, author, and journalist. At a young age, he lost his father due to an injury suffered during World War I, and was raised under the domineering hand of his grandmother alongside his mother (Lottman 52). Camus did exemplary in school and through his political engagement led him to join the Communist P arty. Deeply advocating forRead MoreQuestions On The Black Death1336 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: in a few sentences, summarise What Is the Black Death? (WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHO, HOW, WHY) The Black Death, also known as ‘The Bubonic Plague’ was a devastating pandemic in the 14th century, affecting mainly Europe. It was caused by a deadly bacteria, ‘Yersinia Pestis’ that caused large, pus-filled swellings on the victim’s body. In the space of 5 years, the plague spread rapidly and claimed the lives of 25 million people. 2. ORIGIN AND SPREAD When Did the Black Death Occur? Where did theRead MoreEssay on The Black Death1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Death was an extensive epidemic that spread across Europe from 1346 to 1353, killing over an estimated one-third of Europe’s entire population (Medieval World 56). Although historians are not entirely sure of its origin, the Black Death spread quickly across both Europe and Asia with a death toll that augmented rapidly. The plague also had unusual and deadly symptoms, causing â€Å"panic everywhere, with men and women knowing no way to stop death except to flee from it† (Kohn 28). The chaosRead MoreThe Effect on Clergy and the Catholic Church during the Black Death857 Words   |  4 Pagesvillages, knowing the likelihood they would survive would be slim throughout this epidemic. It is my goal in this paper to describe what was occurring during the Black Death and how the Catholic Church and its clergy reacted to the epidemic. The Black Death could most likely be considered the most severe epidemic in human history. The Black Death arrived in Europe in 1347 and was ravaging from 1347-1351. This plague killed entire families at a time and destroyed at least 1,000 villages. GreatlyRead MoreEssay about The Black Death669 Words   |  3 PagesBlack Death was undoubtedly one of the most devastating diseases that occurred during the middle ages. The Black Death, also known as the Bubonic Plague, was a world-wide epidemic that caused the death of more than 20 million people throughout Europe (Velenzdas). The people of this time period were clueless as to the cause of the plague, but were well aware of the tell-tale symptoms that accompanied infection. There were many cures for the outbreaks, however it is knownRead MoreIs Yersinia Pestis A Bacterial Infection Responsible For The Deaths Of Millions Of People?976 Words   |  4 Pagesdiseases: the Bubonic plague, the Pneumonic Plague, and the septicemic Plague. The difference between the plagues is primarily the location of the infection but the symptoms also vary as well. The bubonic plague attacks the Lymphatic system whereas the Pneumonic plague focuses the respiratory system and the Septicemic plague targets the blood stream. Although the plagues alter in symptoms and means of infection, they all relate and depend on each other in some way. The bubonic plague was the largest

Criminology Discovery of the Victim

Question: Discuss about theCriminologyfor Discovery of the Victim. Answer: Introduction: In this essay we discuss the change in the definition of crime and also state the basic aspects behind this change such as positivist and classical theory, change occurred in our understanding related to causes of victimization, and data which is collected from both the sources that is official and unofficial. Subsequently this essay is concluded with brief conclusion. Criminology: In criminal justice and public policy system, institutions recognized the needs and experiences of victims important because of change in the definition of crime. Today, criminal acts extend beyond the limits and it become impossible to reduce the effect of criminal actions on society (Hunt, n.d.). There are two schools which have great impact on the criminology department, and the main purpose of these schools is prevention of crime and to clearly differentiate between criminal as well as non criminal acts. The two schools are classic theory and positivist theory. In 18th century, classic theory was introduced by Cesare Becarria and Jeremy Bentham during the period of enlightenment. Before the introduction of classical theory, law system was brutal and unfair. Therefore, the main focus of author was to create justice system which is fair and equal for general public also. This concept does not focus on commitment of crime but it mainly emphasize on perfect system of justice. This theory also state the concept of free will which means peoples have right to do whatever they want to do. The positivist theory was introduced in 19th century by Cesare Lombroso, Raffael Garofalo and Enrico Ferri. The main aim behind the introduction of this theory was to understand the crime and criminals by using scientific methods, and according to this theory every criminal behavior was affected by factors related to psychological, biological and social which are not in the control of individual. The main difference between these two theories is based on free will which means classical theory states crimes as choice and whereas positivism criminology argues that crime is not a choice (Gottfredson, 1981). In recent years, there are number of factors which contribute in the increasing visibility of crime victims because of attention of the media and public policy. In this paper we examined the concept of victim in both terms that is idealized imagery and empirical data. In terms of idealized imagery facts are deployed when we consider the position of victims, and in case of empirical data it includes those victims which are who are featured in victim surveys (Christie, 1986). In general data related to criminals and crimes are collected from both sources that is official and unofficial because all crimes are not reported and recorded on official records, and for accurate number it is necessary to collect data from both sources. Conclusion: At last we conclude that it is necessary to identify the victim by use various methods and for this purpose it necessary that we identify the victim and reach every source of information. References: Christie, N. (1986). The ideal victim. E. Fattah (ed.) From Crime Policy to Victim Policy. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Gottfredson, R. M. (1981). On the Etiology of Criminal Victimization. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol 72(2). Hunt, D. Preventing Criminal Victimisation: The case for an Intersectoral Response to Victimisation a South Australian Perspective. Available at: https://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/proceedings/27/hunt.pdf. Accessed on 23rd February 2017.

Electronic commerce free essay sample

TroniXkart is component amp; development tools sourcing division of Hogst Innovative Solutions Pvt. Ltd. With its international tie up with global companies like Sparkfun, Seeedstudio etc, items with international standards is being sold in TroniXkart. Also local items, with Indian standards suitable for Indian work environment is sold after careful testing and benchmarking the reliability. We focus and help the creative minds to come up with an innovative idea, for the completion of their dream projects. Beat it robotics, wireless sensors, digital storage devices, anything can be bought through the site. It has got so many features which gives an edge over upon the competitors. The reviews of products by past customer play an important role in selecting the right equipment. TroniXkart updates the reviews, new arrivals, competitive products reviews, which help the customers to grab the product without making much ambiguity. Another feature of TroniXkart is the shipping amp; returns policy, which makes it available the right products ordered at the right time and at the right place. From a service perspective, e-commerce is a tool which addresses the desire of firms, consumers and management while improving the quality of goods and increasing the speed of delivery. From an online perspective, e-commerce is about the capability of buying and selling products or services. (Kalakota and Whinston 3) In general, e-commerce is the use of electronic communications and digital information processing technology in business transactions to create, transform, and redefine relationships for value creation between or among organizations, and between organizations and individuals. In this age of Internet, the development of e-commerce cause information asymmetry from an online perspective, on the other hand, information asymmetry is also reduced from a communication perspective. The rapid development of e-commerce affect the job market by destroying certain jobs such as salesman, and create new jobs such as web master. Lastly, e-commerce also leads to globalization in business. Information asymmetry is defined as a situation where one party has more or better access of information compared to another rival party in making business decisions. From an online perspective, information asymmetry occurs in between the seller and the buyer when the buyer is uncertain of the physical product. When a large infrastructure of a physical shop front is replaced by a â€Å"blog shop†, where consumers can only see the products online, this causes the lack of sensory information of the product. The buyer is unsure of what material of the product is made of. For example, the products shown on the Internet may look perfectly fine. However, the physical products may not be as good as it was shown. The seller may use some computer software such as ‘photoshop’ to ‘beautify’ the pictures of the products before posting it on the Internet in order to make it more appealing to attract people’s interest. As such, the buyer will suffer from insufficiency of information in making a business decision. The lack of sensory information and the uncertainty of physical product are the causes of the occurrence of information asymmetry in between the buyer and the seller. Some unethical business man is most likely to take advantage of e-commerce to deceive the people who purchase products online. Without a doubt, this will reduce the levels of trust and confidence of one for e-commerce. On the other hand, from communication perspective, a reduction in information asymmetry occurs. This is because the Internet is a global system which is consists of a vast of interconnected computer networks. It works just like how the data flows across the Internet, knowledge and information about almost anything are now easily accessible by the people in every corner of the earth. A very good example is online banking. It enables one to access to its account summary information regardless of the location, as long as Internet connection is available. In fact, online banking is one of the fastest growing sectors in e-commerce. Online banking also shows the importance of being innovative. Failure to be as innovative to keep up with the pace of the others, in terms of information technology, will be eliminated. As such, there is only little chance of protecting a certain innovation to be a monopoly. Internet also provides a wide range of information and communication facilities for people to compare and contrast the information from various websites. For example, there are various websites for one to surf on the Internet to look for jobs. Certain jobs which are similar in terms of position or work load, may not provide the same monthly salary. Therefore, the asymmetry of information is narrowed down as the job seekers are free to obtain a second opinion on different websites. Although it seems very fantastic how e-commerce narrow down the asymmetries of information, it also has its own flaws. There are several risks to be taken when one establishes business transaction electronically. The possible risks of e-commerce are security of transaction issues, virus attacks, unauthorized access and identity theft. Financial information of the consumers may be stolen or misused. After all, it is merely the establishment of business transaction between the consumer and the electronic media. As such, businesses have to enhance their security system to be cautious of hackers who may steal valuable information of their customers. E-commerce, through the Internet, will gradually take over the traditional ways of businesses, there can be no doubt that there is human factor to be acknowledged. The transformations of the operation of the firms bring about uncertain changes in the job market due to the changes made in the organization structure of the firm. Jobs are destroyed and created as traditional businesses gradually transform into electronic commerce. The transformation of the way firms operate destroys certain jobs such as the workers of retailers, travel agencies and salesman. When a major shop front has become unnecessary, businesses need not to hire workers to look after the shop and provide services to the customers. Customers could access the website to purchase goods and settle their payment electronically. This causes workers of retailers such as cashier to lose their jobs. In times of past, salesman is a necessity for every business to promote their products. However, salesman have been replaced by Internet. The Internet is the best medium for advertisements. A very good example would be InterWorld, which is an e-commerce consulting firm, posts advertisements on its webpage rather than publishing it elsewhere. It is also a form of lower cost of advertisement compared to other forms of advertisements. Most search engines such as Google and Yahoo earns revenue by matching relevant advertisements to one’s search topic. Depending on the rate of success of e-commerce, there are some indirect jobs will be affected. If the business attracts more customers using e-commerce, the demand of the products increases, indirectly increasing the productivity of the firms. This will increase the number of factory workers to manufacture more products to meet the demand. As e-commerce develops, he demands for certain skills increases, which are experts who excel in the field of Information Technology to set up businesses on the Internet. The employment of finance and commerce related sectors are expected to increase. Although some jobs are destroyed due to the growth of e-commerce, as e-commerce develops, new jobs are also created. For instance, new job creations are namely website creation and maintenance, credit card processing, Internet security, inventory management, and web master. However, all these jobs are involved in teleworking, which means an employment at home and communicates with workplace through computer networks. There are a few advantages as well as disadvantages of teleworking. The advantages are reduction in workplace conflicts and enhanced employees’ control over their schedules. Whereas the disadvantages are decreased opportunities for development, social isolation and reduced job security. Despite the disadvantages of teleworking brings, it seems to be a good planning for the transition of traditional business to electronic commerce. However, the technology that drive the Internet will continue to change. With the astonishing growth of e-commerce, firms now have the opportunity to find new methods to expand their business. According to business dictionary, globalization implies the opening of local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader outlook of an interconnected and interdependent world with free transfer of capital, goods, and services across national frontiers. By transforming the old business model to electronic commerce, businesses now have access to new markets. Due to the high cost of business, strict regulation, existence of barriers and resources such as labor and capital, traditional businesses do not have access to expand markets globally. However, e-commerce helps to reduce cost by saving the money for rent and employee because a physical shop front is not a necessity. E-commerce provides direct sale to customers, which lowers its cost of sale, hence earning higher profits. In fact, e-commerce offers low cost technological infrastructures, which is an attraction for businesses. E-commerce allows companies to increase their sales in local and international markets. The flexibility of time and location afforded by the Internet provide less costs for communications. E-commerce not only reduces communication costs, but also increases flexibility in locating activities. On the other hand, globalization of business may bring in various competitors from different countries into the growing markets. Consequently, this may opens the local enterprises to unsustainable competition. Throughout the history, international trades have only consisted of mainly manufactured products. However, with the aid of the Internet, services such as banking, consulting and retailing can be provided to all parts of the world through a website that is globally accessible. The Internet is said to be the backbone of greater service trade ( Mandel 8 ) However, advertisements need to be done to open the type of service provided to exposure. According to BBC news, large firms with big businesses cannot afford to not have a Web Page to advertise the offered products to promote high sales. This shows that the Internet is an effective marketing tool. eBay and Amazon are the successful companies which are globalized. On the eBay auction site, someone who puts a product on sale can find a buyer easily. eBay also provides directions for people about the way to ship products internationally to promote globalization of its website. With the establishment of e-commerce, information asymmetry is now on the decline this is because one could look up for personal account’s information and seek for information regardless of location. However, unethical business man may take advantage of e-commerce by deceiving customers. The job market is affected both positively and negatively. This is because there is a change in the organization structure of the firms. Experts in IT are expected to be in high demand. The increase in internet-based technologies is a sign of a stimulus for globalization. Companies that have business relationship setup an automated and fast info excha nge such as stock deliver. This enables globalization because a business man in home country can now look for suppliers out of the country.